Index

Symbols

${…} interpolation syntax, Deploy a Configurable Web Server

A

accidental complexity, Why It Takes So Long to Build Production-Grade Infrastructure
actions, scheduled, Module Outputs, If-statements with the count parameter
ad hoc scripts (in IaC), Ad Hoc Scripts
agent versus agentless mode, Agent Versus Agentless
alarms (CloudWatch), If-statements with the count parameter
alb_dns_name output variable, Deploying a Load Balancer, Deploying a Load Balancer
Amazon ECS, Orchestration Tools
Amazon Machine Image (AMI), Server Templating Tools, Provisioning Tools, Deploy a Single Server
Amazon Resource Name (ARN), Shared Storage for State Files
- returning for IAM users, Loops with the count Parameter
Amazon S3, remote state storage in, Shared Storage for State Files-Shared Storage for State Files
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
- advantages in using to learn Terraform, Getting Started with Terraform
- Amazon Machine Image (AMI) for, Server Templating Tools
- configuring and deploying a server, Preface
- configuring as Terraform provider, Deploy a Single Server
- deploying EC2 Instance in your AWS account, Deploy a Single Server
- setting up your account, Setting Up Your AWS Account
Ansible, Configuration Management Versus Provisioning
- advantage of using, Configuration Management Tools
- defining and executing a playbook, Configuration Management Tools
- procedural programming style, Procedural Language Versus Declarative Language
- Role configuring Apache web server, Configuration Management Tools
- using with Terraform, Provisioning plus configuration management
any (type), Deploy a Configurable Web Server
APIs of cloud providers, asynchronous and eventually consistent, Eventual Consistency Is Consistent…Eventually
application code, workflow for deploying, A Workflow for Deploying Application Code-Promote artifacts across environments, Putting It All Together
- deployment, Deploy-Promote artifacts across environments
  - deployment server, Deployment server
  - deployment strategies, Deployment strategies
  - deployment tooling, Deployment tooling
  - promoting artifacts across environments, Promote artifacts across environments
- making code changes, Make Code Changes
- merge and release, Merge and Release
- running automated tests, Run Automated Tests
- running code locally, Run the Code Locally
- submitting changes for review, Submit Changes for Review
- using version control, Use Version Control
Application Load Balancer (ALB), Deploying a Load Balancer-Deploying a Load Balancer
- components of, Deploying a Load Balancer
- DNS name of, Module Outputs
- refactoring into smaller module, Small Modules
array lookup syntax, using count parameter with, Loops with the count Parameter
asynchronous APIs of cloud providers, Eventual Consistency Is Consistent…Eventually
Atlantis, Deployment tooling
attributes (resources), Deploy a Single Web Server
authentication
- to AWS from Terraform, options, Install Terraform
- to EC2 instance, Provisioners
- to private Git repositories, Module Versioning
Auto Scaling Group (ASG), Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
- ASG section of EC2 console, Deploying a Load Balancer
- autoscaling_group_name parameter, Module Outputs
- deploying new EC2 Instances, Zero-Downtime Deployment
- desired_capacity parameter, Deploying a Load Balancer
- refactoring into asg-rolling-deploy module, Small Modules-Small Modules
- updating min_size and max_size, Module Inputs
auto scaling schedules, creating for some module users and not others, If-statements with the count parameter
automation of software delivery process, The Rise of DevOps
availability zones (AWS), Deploy a Single Server, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
- (see also regions and availability zones)
- deploying one EC2 Instance per availability zone, You cannot reference any resource outputs in count or for_each
aws-nuke tool, Cleaning Up After Tests
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment variables, Setting Up Your AWS Account, Install Terraform
aws_autoscaling_group resource, Zero-Downtime Deployment
- dynamically generating tag inline blocks using for_each, Loops with for_each Expressions
- target_group_arns argument, Deploying a Load Balancer
aws_autoscaling_schedule resource, Module Outputs
- creating conditionally for some users of a module, If-statements with the count parameter
aws_cloudwatch_metric_alarm resource, If-statements with the count parameter
aws_iam_user_policy_attachment resource, If-else-statements with the count parameter
aws_instance resource, Deploy a Single Server
- adding tags to, Deploy a Single Server
- arguments forcing replacement when changed, Deploy a Single Web Server
- public_ip attribute, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- vpc_security_group_ids argument, Deploy a Single Web Server
aws_launch_configuration resource, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers, Module Inputs
- adding lifecycle block, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
- setting to template_file data source, If-else-statements with the count parameter
- user_data parameter, The terraform_remote_state Data Source
aws_lb resource
- creating an ALB, Deploying a Load Balancer
- security_groups argument, Deploying a Load Balancer
aws_lb_listener resource, Deploying a Load Balancer
aws_lb_listener_rule resource, Deploying a Load Balancer
aws_lb_target_group resource, Deploying a Load Balancer
aws_lb_target_group_attachment resource, Deploying a Load Balancer
aws_s3_bucket resource, Shared Storage for State Files
aws_security_group resource, Deploy a Single Web Server
- ingress/egress rules defined by inline blocks, Inline Blocks
aws_security_group_rule resource, Inline Blocks
aws_subnet_ids data source, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers, Deploying a Load Balancer
aws_vpc data source, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers

G

generic modules, Composable Modules
Git
- creating local repository for Terraform code, Deploy a Single Server
- creating tag for versioned module, Merge and Release
- modules in repositories, Module Versioning
- private repository, Terraform modules in, Module Versioning
- using for version control, Use Version Control
GitHub
- creating shared local Git repository, Deploy a Single Server
- creating tag for versioned module, Module Versioning
- pull requests, Submit Changes for Review
.gitignore files, Deploy a Single Server
Go language, How Terraform Works
- installing and getting started with, Unit testing basics
Golden Rule of Terraform, The Golden Rule of Terraform
graphs
- dependency graph in Terraform, Deploy a Single Web Server
- Graphviz app, Deploy a Single Web Server
Gruntwork Infrastructure as Code Library, The Benefits of Infrastructure as Code, Live repo and modules repo

H

HashiCorp configuration language (HCL), Deploy a Single Server
HashiCorp Consul, reusable modules for, Composable Modules
HashiCorp Sentinel, Static analysis
HashiCorp Vault, Composable Modules
health_check_type setting, Deploying a Load Balancer
hello-world-app module, Composable Modules
heredocs, Deploy a Single Web Server
Hofstadter's law, Why It Takes So Long to Build Production-Grade Infrastructure
HTTP server, deploying, Deploy a Single Web Server
hypervisors, Server Templating Tools

I

IaC (see infrastructure as code)
IAM (Identity and Access Management) service
- creating a new user, Setting Up Your AWS Account
- creating multiple users with count, Loops with the count Parameter
- granting user permissions with IAM policies, Setting Up Your AWS Account
idempotence
- idempotent code, Configuration Management Tools
- idempotent deployment scripts, Deployment tooling
- idempotent init command, Shared Storage for State Files
identifiers
- changes in, requiring change in state, Refactoring Can Be Tricky
- changing, caution with, Refactoring Can Be Tricky
- conflicts in, Valid Plans Can Fail
- NAME, Deploy a Single Server
- uuid function, Provisioners with null_resource
- vpc_zone_identifier argument, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
Identity and Access Management service (see IAM service)
if string directive, conditionals with, Conditionals with the if String Directive
if-else statements, simulating with count parameter, If-else-statements with the count parameter
if-statements, simulating with count parameter, If-statements with the count parameter-If-statements with the count parameter
images
- creating server images, Server Templating Tools
- defining container images as code, Server Templating Tools
- virtual machine (VM), Server Templating Tools
immutability
- immutable infrastructure and immutable variables, Server Templating Tools
- immutable parameters of resources, Refactoring Can Be Tricky
- mutable vs. immutable infrastructure, Mutable Infrastructure Versus Immutable Infrastructure
implicit dependencies, Deploy a Single Web Server
incrementalism, Work Incrementally
infrastructure
- mutable vs. immutable, Mutable Infrastructure Versus Immutable Infrastructure
- reusable (see modules)
- validating, Manual Testing Basics
- workflow for deploying infrastructure code, A Workflow for Deploying Infrastructure Code-Promote artifacts across environments
  - comparing with application code, Putting It All Together
infrastructure as code (IaC), What Is Infrastructure as Code?-Provisioning Tools
- ad hoc scripts, Ad Hoc Scripts
- adopting in your team, Adopting IaC in Your Team-Give Your Team the Time to Learn
  - convincing your boss, Convince Your Boss-Convince Your Boss
  - giving your team time to learn, Give Your Team the Time to Learn
  - working incrementally, Work Incrementally
- benefits of, The Benefits of Infrastructure as Code-The Benefits of Infrastructure as Code
- categories of tools, What Is Infrastructure as Code?
- configuration management tools, Configuration Management Tools-Configuration Management Tools
- orchestration tools, Orchestration Tools-Orchestration Tools
- provisioning tools, Provisioning Tools-Provisioning Tools
- server templating tools, Server Templating Tools-Server Templating Tools
inline blocks
- count paramater and looping over resources, Loops with the count Parameter
- creating multiple in a resource using for_each, Loops with for_each Expressions
- defining resource configurations, Inline Blocks-Inline Blocks
input variables, Deploy a Configurable Web Server-Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- for modules, Module Inputs-Module Locals, Composable Modules
- using for dependency injection, Dependency injection
instance_type parameter, Module Inputs
integration tests, Automated Tests, Integration Tests-End-to-End Tests
- retries, Retries
- test stages, Test stages-Test stages
interpolation, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
IP addresses
- providing as output variable for a server, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- specifying adress ranges with CIDR blocks, Deploy a Single Web Server
- subnets of Default VPC, Deploy a Single Web Server

J

Janitor Monkey, Cleaning Up After Tests
JSON
- in Terraform state file, What Is Terraform State?
- writing Terraform code in, Deploy a Single Server

K

kernel space (operating system), Server Templating Tools
Kubernetes, Orchestration Tools
- using with Terraform, Packer, and Docker, Provisioning plus server templating plus orchestration

L

large modules, downsides of, Small Modules
lazy evaluation for conditional results, If-else-statements with the count parameter
lead times, reduction of, The Rise of DevOps
length function, Loops with the count Parameter
lifecycle settings, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers, Shared Storage for State Files, Zero-Downtime Deployment
lint tool for Terraform (tflint), Static analysis
list comprehension (Python), Loops with for Expressions
listener rules (ALB load balancer), Deploying a Load Balancer
- creating, Deploying a Load Balancer
listeners (ALB load balancer), Deploying a Load Balancer
- defining a listener, Deploying a Load Balancer
lists
- list input variable requiring items to be numbers, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- list type constraint, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- looping over with for expressions, Loops with for Expressions
- returning number of items with length function, Loops with the count Parameter
- using for_each expression with, Loops with for_each Expressions
literals, Deploy a Single Web Server
live repository, Module Versioning, Live repo and modules repo
- never making out-of-band changes to code in, The Golden Rule of Terraform
- running terraform plan on folders, The Golden Rule of Terraform
- terragrunt.hcl files in, Promote artifacts across environments
load balancers
- AWS Elastic Load Balancers (ELBs), Getting Started with Terraform
- deploying a load balancer in AWS, Deploying a Load Balancer-Deploying a Load Balancer
local references, Module Locals
local-exec provisioners, Provisioners
locking
- errors releasing locks, Deployment strategies
- remote backends support for, Shared Storage for State Files
loops, Terraform Tips and Tricks: Loops, If-Statements, Deployment, and Gotchas-Conditionals
- looping constructs in Terraform, Loops
- with count parameter, Loops with the count Parameter-Loops with the count Parameter
- with for expressions, Loops with for Expressions-Loops with the for String Directive
- with for string directives, Loops with the for String Directive
- with for_each expressions, Loops with for_each Expressions-Loops with for Expressions

M

MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH versioning scheme, Module Versioning
managed IAM policies, Setting Up Your AWS Account
maps
- looping over with for expression, Loops with for Expressions
- map input variable requiring all values to be strings, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- output from iterating over resources with for_each, Loops with for_each Expressions
- outputting using for expressions, Loops with for Expressions
- using for_each expression with, Loops with for_each Expressions
Marathon/Mesos, Orchestration Tools
master branch, The Golden Rule of Terraform
- merging code into, Merge and Release
master vs. masterless servers, Master Versus Masterless
maturity of IaC tools, Mature Versus Cutting Edge
merging application code, Merge and Release
merging infrastructure code, Merge and Release
mocks, Automated Tests
modules (Terraform), How to Create Reusable Infrastructure with Terraform Modules-Conclusion
- backend configuration and, Limitations with Terraform’s Backends
- code reuse in different environments, How to Create Reusable Infrastructure with Terraform Modules
- for production-grade infrastructure, Production-Grade Infrastructure Modules-External data source
  - composable modules, Composable Modules-Composable Modules
  - releasable modules, Releasable modules-Releasable modules
  - running code other than Terraform, Beyond Terraform Modules-External data source
  - small modules, Small Modules-Composable Modules
  - testable modules, Testable Modules-Testable Modules
- gotchas, Module Gotchas-Inline Blocks
  - file paths, File Paths
  - inline blocks defining resource configurations, Inline Blocks-Inline Blocks
- local values, Module Locals-Module Locals
- module basics, Module Basics-Module Basics
  - syntax for using a module, Module Basics
- module inputs, Module Inputs-Module Locals
- using count and for_each in module configuration, not supported, You cannot use count or for_each within a module configuration
- versioning, Module Versioning-Module Versioning
modules folder, Testable Modules
modules repository, Module Versioning, Live repo and modules repo, Promote artifacts across environments
- folder structure, Testable Modules

N

namespaces
- namespacing resources by environment, Composable Modules
- namespacing resources for testing, Running tests in parallel
Network Load Balancer (NLB), Deploying a Load Balancer
networks
- isolation of, Inline Blocks
- security issues in running server on public subnet, Deploy a Single Web Server
Nomad, Orchestration Tools
null_resource, Provisioners with null_resource
number type constraints, Deploy a Configurable Web Server

O

object type constraints, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
operating systems
- containers emulating user space, Server Templating Tools
- package manager, Terraform in, Install Terraform
operations
- defined, Who Should Read This Book
- treating all aspects as software in IaC, What Is Infrastructure as Code?
optional variables, Dependency injection
orchestration tools, Orchestration Tools-Orchestration Tools
- Docker, Deployment tooling
- using Kubernetes with Terraform, Docker, and Packer, Provisioning plus server templating plus orchestration
output variables, Deploy a Configurable Web Server-Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- for modules, Module Outputs-Module Outputs, Composable Modules

P

Packer, Server Templating Tools
- template creating web server AMI, Server Templating Tools
- use case for, Server Templating Tools
- using with Terraform, Provisioning plus server templating
- using with Terraform, Docker, and Kubernetes, Provisioning plus server templating plus orchestration
parallel, running tests in, Running tests in parallel-Running tests in parallel
path references, File Paths
plans
- plan command, Deploy a Single Server
  - (see also terraform plan command)
- valid, failure of, Valid Plans Can Fail-Valid Plans Can Fail
Pods (Kubernetes), Orchestration Tools
port numbers, Deploy a Single Web Server
private subnets, Deploy a Single Web Server
procedural vs. declarative programming style, Procedural Language Versus Declarative Language-Master Versus Masterless
production-grade infrastructure, Production-Grade Terraform Code-Conclusion
- building, why it takes so long, Why It Takes So Long to Build Production-Grade Infrastructure-Why It Takes So Long to Build Production-Grade Infrastructure
- checklist for, The Production-Grade Infrastructure Checklist-The Production-Grade Infrastructure Checklist
- length of time for projects, Production-Grade Terraform Code
- modules for, Production-Grade Infrastructure Modules-External data source
  - composable modules, Composable Modules
  - releasable modules, Releasable modules-Releasable modules
  - running code other than Terraform, Beyond Terraform Modules-External data source
  - small modules, Small Modules-Composable Modules
  - testable modules, Testable Modules-Testable Modules
programming languages
- for ad hoc scripts in IaC, Ad Hoc Scripts
- Go language, Terraform written in, How Terraform Works
promoting artifacts across environments, Promote artifacts across environments, Promote artifacts across environments-Promote artifacts across environments, Putting It All Together
property testing, Property testing
providers, Deploy a Single Server
- configuring for Terraform, Deploy a Single Server
- creating resources for in Terraform, Deploy a Single Server
- downloading Terraform code for, Deploy a Single Server
- pinning provider versions, Testable Modules
provisioners, Provisioners-External data source
- User Data scripts vs., Provisioners
- with null_resource, Provisioners with null_resource
provisioning tools, Provisioning Tools-Provisioning Tools
provisioning, configuration management vs., Configuration Management Versus Provisioning
public subnets, Deploy a Single Web Server
public_ip output variable, Deploying a Load Balancer
pull requests, Submit Changes for Review
Puppet, Configuration Management Tools
- provisioning support, AWS Module, Configuration Management Versus Provisioning

R

refactoring code, gotchas with, Refactoring Can Be Tricky-Refactoring Can Be Tricky
references, Deploy a Single Web Server
- local, Module Locals
- path, File Paths
- variable, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
regions and availability zones (AWS), Setting Up Your AWS Account, Deploy a Single Server, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers, Shared Storage for State Files, Shared Storage for State Files, Limitations with Terraform’s Backends, You cannot reference any resource outputs in count or for_each
releases
- creating in GitHub to version modules, Module Versioning
- manual, The Rise of DevOps
- releasable modules, Releasable modules-Releasable modules
- using Git tags to create versioned release, Merge and Release
remote state storage (see backends, remote, storing state in)
remote-exec provisioners, Provisioners
- User Data scripts vs., Provisioners
replicas, determining number for Pods, Orchestration Tools
resources
- adding provisioners to, Provisioners
- cleaning up in AWS, Cleanup
- configuration by inline blocks vs. separate resources, Inline Blocks-Inline Blocks
- creating in Terraform, Deploy a Single Server
- documentation for, Deploy a Single Server
- immutable parameters, Refactoring Can Be Tricky
- looping over with count parameter, Loops with the count Parameter
- provisioners with null_resource, Provisioners with null_resource
- references creating implicit dependencies, Deploy a Single Web Server
- referencing resource outputs in count or for_each, not supported, You cannot reference any resource outputs in count or for_each
- resource attribute reference, Deploy a Single Web Server
retries
- in tests involving eventual consistency and asynchronous behavior, Unit testing basics
- using to test known errors, Retries, Deployment strategies
return values
- from functions, Module Outputs
- from modules, Module Outputs
reusable infrastructure (see modules)
rolling deployment
- with replacement, Deployment strategies
- without replacement, Deployment strategies
root module, Module Basics
Ruby, testing code in, Manual Tests

S

S3 (see Amazon S3)
SaltStack, Configuration Management Tools
sandbox environments, Manual Testing Basics
- cleaning up, Cleaning Up After Tests-Automated Tests
- manually testing Terraform code in, Run the Code Locally
scheduled actions, Module Outputs, If-statements with the count parameter
scripts
- using to deploy applications, Deployment tooling
- using to deploy infrastructure code, Deployment tooling
secrets
- how to manage safely, Shared Storage for State Files
- in saved plan files, Run Automated Tests
- remote backends storing, Shared Storage for State Files
security
- network security and running a server on public subnet, Deploy a Single Web Server
- risks in running multiple environments in one VPC, Inline Blocks
- tasks in building production-grade infrastructure, The Production-Grade Infrastructure Checklist
security groups
- accessing using resource attribute references, Deploy a Single Web Server
- creating for ALB load balancer, Deploying a Load Balancer
- creating for EC2 Instance, Deploy a Single Web Server
- setting parameters using variable references, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- vpc_security_group_ids argument, Deploy a Single Web Server
semantic versioning, Module Versioning
server templating tools, Server Templating Tools-Server Templating Tools
- configuration management and, Configuration Management Versus Provisioning
- using Packer with Terraform, Provisioning plus server templating
- using Packer with Terraform, Docker, and Kubernetes, Provisioning plus server templating plus orchestration
servers, Ad Hoc Scripts
- (see also web servers)
- deploying single server in AWS, Deploy a Single Server-Deploy a Single Server
sets, using for_each expression with, Loops with for_each Expressions
side effects, minimizing, Composable Modules
Simple Storage Service (S3) (see Amazon S3)
snowflake servers, The Rise of DevOps
software delivery, Why Terraform
- making more efficient with DevOps, The Rise of DevOps
source parameter
- changes in for modules, running init before plan or apply, Module Basics
- Git URL, using for modules, Module Versioning
- modules in private Git repositories, Module Versioning
- possible types for modules, Module Versioning
splat expressions, using * (asterisk), Loops with the count Parameter, If-else-statements with the count parameter
state, managing for Terraform, How to Manage Terraform State-Conclusion
- about Terraform state, What Is Terraform State?
- changing identifiers requiring changing state, Refactoring Can Be Tricky
- ignoring .tfstate files in Git, Deploy a Single Server
- isolating state files, Isolating State Files-Isolation via File Layout
  - isolation via file layout, Isolation via File Layout-Isolation via File Layout
  - isolation via workspaces, Isolation via Workspaces-Isolation via Workspaces
- limitations of Terraform's backends, Limitations with Terraform’s Backends-Limitations with Terraform’s Backends
- shared storage for state files, Shared Storage for State Files-Shared Storage for State Files
- state errors, Deployment strategies
- state file as private API, What Is Terraform State?
- terraform_remote_state data source, The terraform_remote_state Data Source-Conclusion
static analysis, Static analysis
string directives
- conditionals with if string directive, Conditionals with the if String Directive
- for-loops, Loops with the for String Directive
strip markers (˜), Loops with the for String Directive
structural types, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
subnets
- default subnet of Default VPC, Deploy a Single Web Server
- looking up in AWS Default VPC, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
- subnet parameter in ALB load balancer, Deploying a Load Balancer
- subnet_ids parameter, ASG, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers

T

tags
- creating Git commit tags, Merge and Release
- creating multiple tag inline blocks in resources using for_each, Loops with for_each Expressions
- creating version release with Git tags, Merge and Release
- setting conditionally with for and for_each expressions, Conditionals with for_each and for Expressions
target groups (ALB load balancer), Deploying a Load Balancer
- creating, Deploying a Load Balancer
- finding in EC2 console Target Groups tab, Deploying a Load Balancer
teams, using Terraform (see using Terraform as a team)
template_file data source, The terraform_remote_state Data Source, If-else-statements with the count parameter
ternary syntax (? :), Isolation via Workspaces, If-statements with the count parameter
Terraform
- about, Preface
- comparison to other IaC tools, How Terraform Compares to Other IaC Tools-Mature Versus Cutting Edge
  - agent versus agentless, Agent Versus Agentless
  - configuration management vs. provisioning, Configuration Management Versus Provisioning
  - large vs. small community, Large Community Versus Small Community
  - master vs. masterless servers, Master Versus Masterless
  - maturity, Mature Versus Cutting Edge
  - most common way to use popular IaC tools, Conclusion
  - mutable vs. immutable infrastructure, Mutable Infrastructure Versus Immutable Infrastructure
  - procedural vs. declarative language, Procedural Language Versus Declarative Language-Master Versus Masterless
- convincing your boss to adopt, Convince Your Boss-Convince Your Boss
- current state of, Why I Wrote This Book
- deploying a web server, Provisioning Tools
- deploying applications with, Deployment tooling
- how it works, How Terraform Works-How Terraform Works
- installing, Install Terraform
- using with other IaC tools, Using Multiple Tools Together-Provisioning plus server templating plus orchestration
  - provisioning plus configuration management, Provisioning plus configuration management
  - provisioning plus server templating, Provisioning plus server templating
  - provisioning, server templating, and orchestration, Provisioning plus server templating plus orchestration
terraform apply command, How Terraform Works, Deploy a Single Server, Run Automated Tests
- and state storage in remote backend, Shared Storage for State Files
- locking with, Shared Storage for State Files
- state file and, What Is Terraform State?
terraform command, Install Terraform
terraform destroy command, Cleanup
- using to clean up after testing, Cleaning Up After Tests
Terraform Enterprise, Deployment tooling
terraform fmt command, Style guide
terraform force-unlock command, Deployment strategies
terraform graph command, Deploy a Single Web Server
terraform import command, Valid Plans Can Fail
terraform init command, Deploy a Single Server
- -backend-config argument, Limitations with Terraform’s Backends
- initializing modules, Module Basics
- initializing S3 backend, Shared Storage for State Files
terraform output command, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
terraform plan command, Deploy a Single Server, What Is Terraform State?
- always running before apply, Run Automated Tests
- always running to avoid gotchas, Refactoring Can Be Tricky
- and state storage in remote backend, Shared Storage for State Files
- failure of valid plans, Valid Plans Can Fail-Valid Plans Can Fail
- running on infrastructure code in live repository, The Golden Rule of Terraform
Terraform Registry
- publishing modules to Private Registry, Releasable modules
- publishing modules to Public Registry, Releasable modules
terraform validate command, Static analysis
terraform workspace list command, Isolation via Workspaces
terraform workspace new command, Isolation via Workspaces, Isolation via Workspaces
terraform workspace select command, Isolation via Workspaces
terraform workspace show command, Isolation via Workspaces
terraform_remote_state data source, The terraform_remote_state Data Source-Conclusion, Module Basics, Module Inputs
Terragrunt, Deployment tooling
- apply-all command, Isolation via File Layout
- deploying a module with terragrunt apply, Promote artifacts across environments
- file layout with, Promote artifacts across environments
- find_in_parent_folders function, Promote artifacts across environments
- running terraform commands, Promote artifacts across environments
- using for backend configuration, Limitations with Terraform’s Backends
Terratest
- enabling retries, Retries
- http_helper.ContinuouslyCheckUrl helper, End-to-End Tests
- random.UniqueId helper function, Running tests in parallel
- requirements for using, Unit testing basics
- support for test stages in test_structure package, Test stages
test doubles, Automated Tests
test driven development (TDD), Testable Modules
test folder, Testable Modules
test pyramid, End-to-End Tests
test stages, Test stages-Test stages
testable modules, Testable Modules-Testable Modules
testing Terraform code, How to Test Terraform Code-Conclusion
- application code, Run the Code Locally
- automated tests, Automated Tests-Property testing
  - approaches other than Terratest, Other Testing Approaches-Property testing
  - end-to-end tests, End-to-End Tests-End-to-End Tests
  - for infrastructure code, Automated tests, Run Automated Tests
  - integration tests, Integration Tests-End-to-End Tests
  - running on application code, Run Automated Tests
  - unit tests, Unit Tests-Running tests in parallel
- manual tests, Manual Tests-Automated Tests
  - basics of manual testing, Manual Testing Basics-Cleaning Up After Tests
  - cleaning up after, Cleaning Up After Tests-Automated Tests
text editors, Deploy a Single Server
tflint tool, Static analysis
tips and tricks, Terraform Tips and Tricks: Loops, If-Statements, Deployment, and Gotchas-Conclusion
- conditionals, Conditionals-Zero-Downtime Deployment
  - with for_each and for expressions, Conditionals with for_each and for Expressions
  - with if string directive, Conditionals with the if String Directive
- loops, Loops-Conditionals
  - with count parameter, Loops with the count Parameter-Loops with the count Parameter
  - with for expressions, Loops with for Expressions-Loops with the for String Directive
  - with for string directive, Loops with the for String Directive
- Terraform gotchas, Terraform Gotchas-Eventual Consistency Is Consistent…Eventually
  - eventual consistency, Eventual Consistency Is Consistent…Eventually
  - limitations of count and for_each, count and for_each Have Limitations-You cannot use count or for_each within a module configuration
  - limitations of zero-downtime deployment, Zero-Downtime Deployment Has Limitations
  - refactoring can be tricky, Refactoring Can Be Tricky-Refactoring Can Be Tricky
  - valid plans, failure of, Valid Plans Can Fail-Valid Plans Can Fail
- zero-downtime deployment, Zero-Downtime Deployment-Zero-Downtime Deployment
transparent portability between cloud providers, How Terraform Works
tuple type constraints, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
type constraints, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- combining, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- object and tuple, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
types, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- (see also type constraints)
- EC2 Instance types, Deploy a Single Server

U

unit tests, Automated Tests, Unit Tests-Running tests in parallel
- dependency injection, Dependency injection-Dependency injection
- running tests in parallel, Running tests in parallel-Running tests in parallel
- unit testing basics for Terraform code, Unit testing basics-Dependency injection
Unix philosophy, Composable Modules
URLs, source parameters for modules, Module Versioning
use-case-specific modules, Composable Modules
user account (AWS), Setting Up Your AWS Account
User Data configuration (EC2 Instance), Deploy a Single Web Server
user space (operating system), Server Templating Tools
using Terraform as a team, How to Use Terraform as a Team-Conclusion
- adopting IaC in your team, Adopting IaC in Your Team-Give Your Team the Time to Learn
  - convincing your boss, Convince Your Boss-Convince Your Boss
  - giving your team time to learn, Give Your Team the Time to Learn
  - working incrementally, Work Incrementally
- application and infrastructure code workflows, comparing, Putting It All Together
- workflow for deploying application code, A Workflow for Deploying Application Code-Promote artifacts across environments
  - deployment, Deploy-Promote artifacts across environments
  - making code changes, Make Code Changes
  - merge and release, Merge and Release
  - running automated tests, Run Automated Tests
  - running code locally, Run the Code Locally
  - submitting changes for review, Submit Changes for Review
  - using version control, Use Version Control
- workflow for deploying infrastructure code, A Workflow for Deploying Infrastructure Code-Promote artifacts across environments
  - automated tests, Automated tests
  - deployment, Deploy-Promote artifacts across environments
  - file layout, File layout
  - making code changes, Make Code Changes
  - merge and release, Merge and Release
  - running automated tests, Run Automated Tests
  - running code locally, Run the Code Locally
  - style guide for code, Style guide
  - submitting changes for review, Submit Changes for Review
  - using version control, Use Version Control
uuid function, Provisioners with null_resource

V

Vagrant, Server Templating Tools
- use case for, Server Templating Tools
values function, Loops with for_each Expressions
-var command-line option, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
variable references, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
variables
- declaring input variable, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- defining output variables, Deploy a Configurable Web Server
- optional, Dependency injection
- renaming, caution with, Refactoring Can Be Tricky
- vars argument of template_file data source, The terraform_remote_state Data Source
Vault, reusable modules for running, Composable Modules
version control
- using for application code, Use Version Control
- using for infrastructure code, The Benefits of Infrastructure as Code, Use Version Control
  - Golden Rule of Terraform, The Golden Rule of Terraform
  - live repo and modules repo, Live repo and modules repo
  - trouble with branches, The trouble with branches
versioning
- module, Module Versioning-Module Versioning
- support by Amazon S3, Shared Storage for State Files
- version pinning modules to Terraform, Testable Modules
virtual machines (VMs), Server Templating Tools
- orchestration tools for, Orchestration Tools
VPC (virtual private cloud), Setting Up Your AWS Account
- aws_vpc data source, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
- looking up subnets in, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
- running different environments in separate VPCs, Inline Blocks
- subnets of Default VPC, Deploy a Single Web Server

W

web servers
- Ansible Role configuring Apache server, Configuration Management Tools
- Bash script that sets up an Apache server, Ad Hoc Scripts
- deloying configurable server, Deploy a Configurable Web Server-Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers
- deploying cluster of, Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers-Deploying a Load Balancer
- deploying single server on AWS EC2 Instance, Deploy a Single Web Server-Deploy a Single Web Server
- deploying using Terraform, Provisioning Tools
- Packer template creating AMI, Server Templating Tools
- testing Ruby web server, Manual Tests
workspaces, isolating state files via, Isolation via Workspaces-Isolation via Workspaces
- creating workspaces, Isolation via Workspaces
- drawbacks of workspaces, Isolation via Workspaces
- switching between workspaces, Isolation via Workspaces

Y

yak shaving, Why It Takes So Long to Build Production-Grade Infrastructure

Z

zero-downtime deployment, Zero-Downtime Deployment-Zero-Downtime Deployment
- limitations of, Zero-Downtime Deployment Has Limitations

Index

Symbols

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z