INDEX
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“f” indicates a figure; “t” indicates a table
Abandoned Child mode; see also Vulnerable Child mode
borderline personality disorder, 307, 308–309, 320–321, 334–337, 354–363
description, 274
limited reparenting, 205
Abandonment/Instability schema; see also Disconnection and Rejection domain; Unconditional schemas
case illustration, 153–155, 164–169, 190
coping responses, 38t, 99–100
description, 8, 13, 14f, 150t, 207–210
limited reparenting, 203, 205
with other schemas, 249
Amygdala system, 27–28
Anger, 123–125, 191–192; see also Angry Child mode
Angry Child mode; see also Anger; Child modes; Modes
borderline personality disorder, 307, 308, 309–310, 321, 348–353, 354–363
description, 41, 43–44, 273t, 274
Approval-Seeking/Recognition-Seeking schema; see also Conditional schemas; Other-Directedness domain
behavior patterns, 152t
coping responses, 39t
description, 16f, 20, 251–255
limited reparenting, 204
with other schemas, 249
Assessment; see also Assessment and Education Phase
borderline personality disorder, 331–332
experiential strategies, 144
imagery, 110–116, 116–118, 118–122
narcissistic personality disorder, 387–390, 423
Assessment and Education Phase; see also Assessment
case conceptualization, 65, 66f-67f, 68–69, 178–182
case illustration, 73–74
description, 44, 62, 89–90
educating patients, 88–89, 197–198
emotional temperament, 86–87
focused life history, 72–73
goals of, 63
imagery assessment, 79–86
initial evaluation, 70–72
inventories, 74–79
rapport, 178
reparenting, 182–186
steps, 63–64
therapeutic relationship, 206
therapists’ schemas and coping styles, 186–197
Attachment theory, 54–56
Avoidance; see also Coping styles behavioral pattern-breaking, 46, 147–149, 150t-152t
case illustration, 38t-39t, 155–156, 164–169, 179–182, 187, 190
characterological patients, 3–4
description, 34
experiential strategies, 141–144
imagery, 84–85, 137–140
major life changes, 174–175
mode work, 272
overcoming, 84–85
therapists’, 190–191, 371–372
Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory, 78
Behavioral pattern-breaking; see also Change Phase
case illustration, 164–169
coping styles, 147–149, 150t-152t
defining targets for, 152–159
description, 46, 146–147, 175–176
flash cards, 162–163
homework, 164
major life changes, 174–175
motivation, 161–162
overcoming blocks, 169–174
prioritizing, 159–160
readiness for, 152
rehearsal, 163–164
Behavioral techniques
borderline personality disorder, 336, 340–341, 347–348, 352–353
narcissistic personality disorder, 419–421
Biological view of schemas, 26–30, 311–312
Borderline personality disorder
case illustration, 194–195, 313–318
diagnosis, 313, 314t
Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline schema and, 242
intimacy, 369–370
limited reparenting, 201
modes, 40–41, 272–273, 307–311, 318–322, 334–337, 337–341, 341–348, 348–353
origins of, 311–313
Punitive Parent mode, 276–277
Punitiveness schema and, 268
schema conceptualization, 306–307
setting limits, 356–363
suicidality, 363–365
therapists’ schemas and, 370–372
traumatic memories, 366–369
treatment, 322–324, 324–325, 325–330, 330–334, 354–356
Case conceptualization, 65, 66f-67f, 68–69, 153, 178–182
Change Phase; see also Behavioral techniques; Cognitive techniques; Experiential techniques
description, 62
experiential strategies, 122–125, 129–133, 133–135, 135–137, 137–140, 144–145
experiential strategy example, 125–129
limited reparenting, 201–206
therapeutic relationship, 198–206
treatment, 45–47
Child modes, 43–44, 273t-274, 304; see also Modes
Childhood experiences, 10–11, 312–313, 381–384
Cognitive-analytic therapy, 56–57
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
assumptions of, 3–5
behavioral pattern-breaking, 149, 160
borderline personality disorder, 354–356
interference from schemas, 23–24
Cognitive distortions, 420
Cognitive techniques; see also Change Phase
borderline personality disorder, 336, 340, 345–347, 351–352
coping styles, 99–100
description, 45, 92, 108–109
dialogues between schemas, 100–104
diary forms, 107, 108f
flash cards, 104–107, 105f
narcissistic personality disorder, 419–421
purpose of, 91
supporting a schema, 97–99
therapeutic style, 92–94
validity of schemas, 94–97
Cognitive therapy, 1–3, 48–53
Compliant Surrenderer mode, 43, 275t; see also Maladaptive Coping modes; Modes
Conditional schemas, 22–23
Coping response
behavioral pattern-breaking, 46
description, 36, 61–62
examples of, 38t-39t
modes and, 40–41
Coping styles
axis II diagnosis, 36–37
behavioral pattern-breaking, 147–149, 150t-152t
borderline personality disorder, 354–363
cognitive model, 49
compared to coping responses, 36
description, 32–36
evaluating advantages and disadvantages, 99–100
identifying, 65, 68–69
imagery, 137–140
narcissistic personality disorder, 377–378
therapists’, 186–197
Defectiveness/Shame schema; see also Disconnection and Rejection domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 150t
case illustration, 30–31, 116–122, 157–158, 172–173, 179–182, 185–188, 191–193
coping responses, 38t
description, 8, 13, 14f, 219–222
dialogue example, 101–104
imagery, 124, 137–140
letters to parents example, 136–137
limited reparenting, 202, 203, 205
narcissistic personality disorder, 374
with other schemas, 208, 234, 235, 249, 266, 268, 270
therapists’, 194, 195, 371
validity testing example, 95–97
Definition of schema, 6–7, 28–29, 61
Demanding Parent mode, 44, 277t; see also Modes
Dependence/Incompetence schema; see also Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 150t
case illustration, 189, 194–195
coping responses, 38t
description, 15f, 18, 225–228
limited reparenting, 202, 203, 206
with other schemas, 208, 238, 249
therapists’, 194, 195
Detached Protector mode; see also Maladaptive Coping modes; Modes
borderline personality disorder, 307–308, 310–311, 318–320, 337–341
description, 41, 43, 275t-276
dialogue with, 143–144
overcoming avoidance, 85
Detached Self-Soother mode, 378–379
Development of schema therapy, 5–6
Dialogues
behavioral pattern-breaking, 170–171
borderline personality disorder, 328–329
case illustration, 148–149
description, 100–104
Detached Protector mode, 143–144
imagery, 123–129
mode work, 298–302
narcissistic personality disorder, 409–417
Diary forms, 107, 108f, 355–356
Disconnection and Rejection domain, 129–133; see also Domains, schemas
Abandonment/Instability schema, 207–210
cognitive-behavioral therapy, 23
Defectiveness/Shame schema, 219–222
description, 13, 14f
Emotional Deprivation schema, 215–219
limited reparenting, 201
Mistrust/Abuse schema, 211–215
Social Isolation/Alienation schema, 222–224
Dissociated states, 40, 42–43
Domains, schemas
description, 12–13, 14f-17f
Disconnection and Rejection domain, 13
Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain, 18
Impaired Limits domain, 18–19
Other-Directedness domain, 19–20
Overvigilance and Inhibition domain, 20–21
Dysfunctional Parent modes, 43–44, 276–277t, 304; see also Modes
imagery dialogues, 123–129, 144–145
imagery work for reparenting, 129–133
therapists’, 193
Education Phase. see Assessment and Education Phase
Emotional Deprivation schema; see also Disconnection and Rejection domain; Temperament; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 150t
case illustration, 21–22, 116–122, 157–158, 164–169, 183–185, 187, 189, 193–194, 199–200
characteristics, 8
cognitive assessment, 51
coping responses, 38t
description, 13, 14f, 215–219
imagery dialogues, 124
limited reparenting, 203, 205
narcissistic personality disorder, 374
with other schemas, 235, 247, 257, 259
Emotional Inhibition schema; see also Conditional schemas; Overvigilance and Inhibition domain
behavior patterns, 152t
case illustration, 161–162, 189
coping responses, 39t
description, 17f, 20–21, 261–264
limited reparenting, 204
therapists’, 372
Emotional needs, 9–10, 183
Emotional temperament, 11–12, 86–87; see also Temperament
Emotionally focused therapy, 59–60
Empathic confrontation; see also Therapeutic relationship
case illustration, 199–200
Change Phase, 198–201
description, 47, 92–94, 177, 206
narcissistic personality disorder, 398
Empty chair technique, 100–104; see also Dialogues
Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self schema; see also Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 150t
case illustration, 189
coping responses, 38t
description, 15f, 18, 230–233
limited reparenting, 204
Entitlement/Grandiosity schema; see also Impaired Limits domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 151t
case illustration, 173–174, 187
compared to Approval-Seeking/Recognition-Seeking schemas, 253
compared to Self-Sacrifice schema, 250
coping responses, 39t
description, 15f, 19, 237–240, 376–377
limited reparenting, 204
narcissistic personality disorder, 374, 380–381
session behavior, 182
therapists’ schemas and, 192–193
Environment, 312–313; see also Childhood experiences
Envy, 196, 386
Experiential techniques; see also Change Phase; Individual schemas
avoidance, 141–144
borderline personality disorder, 328–329, 335–336, 339–340, 342–345
cognitive therapy, 51–52
description, 45–46, 122–123, 144–145
goals of, 110
imagery, 110–116, 116–118, 118–122, 123–129, 137–140
letters to parents, 135–137
limited reparenting, 129–133, 202–203
traumatic memories, 133–135
Failure schema; see also Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 151t
case illustration, 172–173, 200–201
coping responses, 38t
description, 15f, 18, 233–237
limited reparenting, 204, 205
therapists’, 195, 371
Flash cards
behavioral pattern-breaking, 162–163, 171
borderline personality disorder, 354–355
constructing, 104–107, 105f
Focused life history, 72–73, 73–74
Fragile entitlement, 237; see also Narcissistic personality disorder
Grief, 124–125, 260
Group therapy, 87
Happy Child modes, 43–44, 273t, 274; see also Child modes
Healing schemas, 31–32, 61
Healthy Adult mode; see also Modes
borderline personality disorder, 308
description, 43–44, 277–278
imagery, 123–129, 129–133, 137–140, 144–145
limited reparenting, 202–203
traumatic memory imagery work, 133–135
History of the schema construct, 6–7
Identification of schemas, 65, 68–69
Imagery; see also Individual schemas
assessment, 110–111
avoidance, 84–85
behavioral pattern-breaking, 163–164, 170
borderline personality disorder, 328–329, 335–336, 339–340, 342–345
case illustration, 148–149
from childhood, 116–118, 122
conceptualizing, 119–122
dialogues, 123–129
introducing, 111–116
mode work, 294–297
narcissistic personality disorder, 389–390, 407–409
pattern-breaking, 137–140
reparenting, 129–133
traumatic memories, 367–369
trigger events, 155–156
Imagery assessment; see also Assessment
avoidance, 84–86
case illustration, 81–83
description, 79–81, 110–111
therapeutic relationship, 85–86
Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain; see also Domains, schemas
Dependence/Incompetence schema, 225–228
description, 14f-15f, 18
Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self schema, 230–233
Failure schema, 233–237
Vulnerability to Harm or Illness schema, 228–230
Impaired Limits domain; see also Domains, schemas
cognitive-behavioral therapy, 24
description, 15f-16f, 18–19
Entitlement/Grandiosity schema, 237–240
Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline schema, 240–243
Impulsive/Undisciplined Child mode; see also Child modes
borderline personality disorder, 307, 308, 309–310
description, 43–44, 273t, 274
Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline schema; see also Impaired Limits domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 151t
case illustration, 155–156, 189–190, 193
coping responses, 39t
description, 15f-16f, 19, 240–243
limited reparenting, 204
with other schemas, 235
Internal working models, 55–56
Internalization, 11
Intimacy, 369–370, 396; see also Relationship
Inventories, 74–79; see also Assessment
Letters to parents, 135–137
Life history assessment forms, 74–75; see also Inventories
Limit setting, 201, 328, 349, 356–363
Limited reparenting; see also Individual schemas; Reparenting; Therapeutic relationship
assessing need for, 182–186
borderline personality disorder, 324, 330, 346–347
Change Phase, 201–206
description, 47, 52, 177, 206
imagery, 129–133
Lonely Child mode, 374, 375–376; see also Modes
Maladaptive Coping modes, 43–44, 275t-276, 304; see also Modes
Medication, 142, 260, 340, 365
Memories, 28, 133–135
Mindfulness meditation, 354
Mistrust/Abuse schema; see also Disconnection and Rejection domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 150t
case illustration, 116–118, 179–182, 188, 197
characteristics, 8
coping responses, 38t
description, 13, 14f, 211–215
dialogue example, 101–104, 125–129
imagery example, 137–140
limited reparenting, 202, 203, 205
Mode work
advantages to modifying a mode, 289–294
case illustration, 279–281
description, 271, 304–305
dialogue, 298–302
exploring the origins of, 286–287
generalizing beyond the session, 302–304
identifying, 281–285
imagery, 294–297
linking past to present, 287–289
steps, 278
when to use, 272
Modes; see also Individual modes
borderline personality disorder, 307–311, 318–322
child modes, 273t-274
cognitive model, 47–49
description, 37, 40–44, 61–62, 272–273, 304–305
DSM-IV and, 314t
Dysfunctional Parent modes, 276–277t
Healthy Adult mode, 277–278
Maladaptive Coping modes, 275t-276
narcissistic personality disorder, 407–417, 422–424
assessment, 387–390
case illustration, 185–186, 198, 390–395, 398–400, 404–419
diagnosis, 379–380
vs. entitlement, 380–381
Entitlement/Grandiosity schema, 237
modes and, 272–273, 373–379
origins of, 381–384
relationships and, 384–387
therapists’, 195–196
treatment, 395–398, 401–404, 414–415, 419–421, 422–424
treatment obstacles, 421–422
Negativity/Pessimism schema; see also Overvigilance and Inhibition domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 151t
coping responses, 39t
description, 17f, 20, 256–260
limited reparenting, 204
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 261, 273
Origins of schemas, 9–12
Other-Directedness domain; see also Domains, schemas
Approval-Seeking/Recognition-Seeking schema, 251–255
cognitive-behavioral therapy, 23–24
description, 16f, 19–20
Self-Sacrifice schema, 246–251
Subjugation schema, 243–246
Overcompensation; see also Coping styles
behavioral pattern-breaking, 46, 147–149, 150t-152t
case illustration, 185–186, 187, 188, 192, 201
description, 34–35
examples of, 38t-39t
imagery, 137–140
major life changes, 174–175
mode work, 272
narcissistic personality disorder, 374
therapists’, 192, 371
Young Compensation Inventory, 78–79
Overcompensator mode, 43, 275t, 276; see also Maladaptive Coping modes; Modes
Overvigilance and Inhibition domain; see also Domains, schemas
description, 16f-17f, 20–21
schemas in, 256–260, 261–264, 264–267, 267–270
Pattern-breaking, 137–140
Perpetuation of schemas, 30–31, 61
Person schemas therapy, 57–59
Preverbal schemas, 29
Psychodynamic approach, 53–54
Punitive Parent mode; see also Modes
borderline personality disorder, 307, 308, 310, 321–322, 341–348
case illustration, 193
description, 44, 276–277t
Punitiveness schema; see also Overvigilance and Inhibition domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 152t
case illustration, 157–158, 200–201
coping responses, 39t
description, 17f, 21, 267–270
limited reparenting, 204
Relationship; see also Therapeutic relationship
characterological patients, 4–5
Disconnection and Rejection domain, 13
narcissistic personality disorder, 384–387, 423
schema chemistry, 22
therapeutic, 46–47
Reparenting. see Limited reparenting
Self-Aggrandizer mode, 376–378
Self-disclosure, 200, 202
Self-observation, 88–89
Self-Sacrifice schema; see also Conditional schemas; Other-Directedness domain
behavior patterns, 151t
case illustration, 147–149, 157–158, 164–169, 191, 193–194
compared to Approval-Seeking/Recognition-Seeking schema, 253
coping responses, 39t
description, 16f, 20, 246–251
limited reparenting, 204, 206
session behavior, 182
therapists’, 190, 192–193, 371
Setting limits, 328, 349, 356–363
Severity of schemas, 9
Social Isolation/Alienation schema; see also Disconnection and Rejection domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 150t
case illustration, 164–169
coping responses, 38t
description, 13, 14f, 222–224
limited reparenting, 203
therapists’, 194
Subjugation schema; see also Conditional schemas; Other-Directedness domain
behavior patterns, 151t
case illustration, 116–122, 162–163, 179–182, 187–192, 195
compared to other schemas, 247, 253
coping responses, 39t
description, 16f, 19–20, 243
imagery dialogues, 124
limited reparenting, 204
with other schemas, 208, 242
schema diary example, 107, 108f
therapists’, 370–371
Suicidality, 313, 320–321, 360–362, 363–365
Suitability of the patient, 71–72
Surrender; see also Coping styles
behavioral pattern-breaking, 46, 147–149, 150t-152t
case illustration, 188
description, 34
examples of, 38t-39t
therapists’, 195
Temperament
assessing, 86–87
coping styles, 35–36
early childhood experiences, 10–11
emotional, 11–12
role of, 68
Therapeutic relationship; see also Individual schemas
assessing, 85–86
attachment theory, 54–55
behavioral pattern-breaking, 156–158
borderline personality disorder, 323, 330, 334–335, 337, 342, 349–351
case conceptualization, 178–182
Change Phase, 198–206
cognitive model, 4–5, 48–49, 52, 56–57
description, 46–47, 206
educating patients, 197–198
emotionally focused therapy, 59–60
empathic confrontation, 92–94
imagery assessment, 85–86
limited reparenting, 182–186
psychodynamic model, 53–54
rapport, 178
therapists’ schemas and coping styles, 186–197
traumatic memories, 366
Therapeutic style, 92–94
Trauma, 26–30, 133–135, 366–369
Treatment, 31–32, 421–422, 422–424; see also Borderline personality disorder; Individual schemas
Unconditional schemas, 22–23
Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness schema; see also Conditional schemas; Overvigilance and Inhibition domain
behavior patterns, 152t
case illustration, 155–156, 157–158, 187–188, 193
compared to other schemas, 253
coping responses, 39t
description, 17f, 21, 264–267
limited reparenting, 204
with other schemas, 261, 268
session behavior, 182
therapists’, 190, 371
Validity of the schema, 94–97
Vulnerability, modeled by therapist, 403–405
Vulnerability to Harm or Illness schema; see also Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain; Unconditional schemas
behavior patterns, 150t
coping responses, 38t
description, 15f, 18, 228–230
limited reparenting, 204
Vulnerable Child mode; see also Child modes; Modes
borderline personality disorder, 322–323
description, 41, 43–44, 273t, 274
imagery, 123–129, 129–133, 133–135, 144–145
Young Compensation Inventory, 78–79, 159, 390; see also Inventories
Young Parenting Inventory, 76–78, 331–332, 390; see also Inventories
Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory, 78, 159; see also Inventories
Young Schema Questionnaire, 75–76, 159, 332, 390; see also Inventories