Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID), 489
taking-turns protocols, 453, 464–465, 537
TCAMs. See Ternary Content Addressable Memories
TCP. See Transmission Control Protocol
TCP ACK bits, 653–654
TCP congestion-control algorithm, 271–276
TCP connection, 93
TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC), 285–286
TCP/IP, 5, 234
TCP Reno, 276, 277
TCP segments, 235
TCP services, 93–95
TCP socket, 502, 504
TCP splitting, 275
TCP states, 257–259
TCP SYN segment, 504, 653
TCP Tahoe, 276
TCP Vegas, 277
TDM. See time-division multiplexing
telco. See telephone company
Telenet, 61
telephone company (telco), 13
telephone networks, 491
Telnet, 120, 239–241, 623, 656–657
Temporal Key (TK), 650
temporal redundancy, 677
temporary IP addresses, 342
Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs), 318
terrestrial radio channels, 20–21
TFRC. See TCP-Friendly Rate Control
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 555, 557
Third Generation Partnership Program, 353
third-party CDNs, 150
3Com, 478
3G, 18, 520, 523
core network, 556
network architecture, 554–557
radio access network, 556–557
video over, 677
3GPP. See 3rd Generation Partnership project
three-way handshake, 102, 165, 234, 256–257, 504
throughput, 43–46, 91–92
average, 44
congestion and, 262–267
instantaneous, 44
per-connection, 262–263
TCP, 278
of transport layer, 91–92
tier-1 ISPs, 32–33
time-based retransmission, 216–217
time-division multiplexing (TDM), 28–30, 453–457, 554, 556
time frames, 454
timeout events
in GBN protocol, 224
in SR protocol, 228
TCP, 242–243, 245, 246
timeout intervals
doubling, 247–249
TCP, 242–243, 247–249
time slots, 454
timestamps, 691, 702
time-to-live (TTL), 331
TK. See Temporal Key
TLD. See top-level domain
TLS. See Transport Layer Security
token, 465
token-passing protocol, 465
token ring protocol, 465, 475
Tomlinson, Ray, 60
top-down approach, 50
top-level domain (TLD), DNS servers, 130, 131
Top of Rack switch (TOR switch), 495
TOR, 658
torrents, 144–146
TOR switch. See Top of Rack switch
TOS. See type of service
total nodal delay, 35
TPID. See Tag Protocol Identifier
Traceroute, 42–43, 420–421
trackers, 144–146
traditional packet filters, 652–654
traffic classes, 714
traffic conditioning, 720
traffic engineering, 393
traffic intensity, 39
traffic isolation, 487–488, 714
traffic load
buffers and, 325
queuing and, 322
traffic policing, 715
traffic profiles, 721–722
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 5, 191. See also Secure Sockets Layer
ACK bit, 653–654
ACK generation recommendation, 250
acknowledgment number, 237–239
buffers in streaming, 685–686
closing connection, 256–257
congestion avoidance, 273–274
congestion-control algorithm, 271–276
congestion control in, 269–283
congestion window, 270, 276
connection, 233–236
connection management, 255–259, 261
connection requests, 197
cumulative acknowledgement, 238
demultiplexing, 196–199
development of, 62
establishing connection, 255–256
fairness and, 279–282
fast recovery, 274–276
fast retransmit, 249–251
flow control, 252–254
full-duplex service, 233
high-bandwidth paths and, 278–279
Internet checksum in, 448
multimedia applications using, 202
parallel browser connections, 101–102
parallel connection fairness, 282
pipelining, 243
point-to-point connections, 233
receive window, 253, 254
reliable data transfer, 244–351
retransmission timeout interval, 242–243
RTT estimation, 241–243
securing, 94
segment structure, 236–241
selective acknowledgment, 252
self-clocking, 270
sequence number, 237–239
services provided by, 192
simultaneous connection sockets, 198
Skype use of, 697
slow start, 272–273
SMTP using, 119
socket client, 166–168
socket programming, 158, 164–170
socket server, 168–170
steady-state behavior of, 278
three-way handshake, 102, 165, 234, 256–257, 504
throughput, 278
timeout events, 242–243, 245, 246
timeout intervals, 242–243, 247–249
timer management, 244–245
transition to, 62–63
variables, 269–270, 273, 276
Web servers and, 199–200
wireless networks and, 581
transmission delay, 35, 36–39
transmission power, 527
transmission rate, 4
BER and, 527
queuing and, 321–322
transparent, 481
transport layer, 51
application services, 90–93
fragment reassembly and, 334–335
in Internet, 191–193
network layer relationship to, 188–191
reliable data transfer and, 91
security, 92–93
throughput of, 91–92
timing guarantees, 92
transport-layer multiplexing and demultiplexing, 192
transport-layer protocols, 188
Transport Layer Security (TLS), 631
transport-layer segment, 54
transport mode, 641
transport services
application availability of, 90–93
Internet, 93–95
network application requirements, 93
triangle routing problem, 568
triple-DES, 630
3DES, 602, 641
TTL. See time-to-live
tunnel, 352
tunneling, 352
tunnel mode, 641
twisted-pair copper wire, 19–20
two-dimensional parity, 447
2G cellular networks, 553–554
Tymnet, 61
type numbers, 477
type of service (TOS), 331, 713, 714