P2P architecture, 86–88, 517
file distribution, 140–147
scalability of, 141–144
Skype use of, 697–699
P2P live streaming, 147
P2P streaming, 157
P2P video streaming, 681
packet classification, 720
Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW), 558
packet-dropping strategies, 324
packet filtering, 652–654, 661
packet header overhead, 202
packet headers
MPLS, 492–493
routing and, 308, 309
packet jitter, 690–691
packet loss, 25, 41, 321
error concealment, 696–697
FEC for, 694–695
interleaving for, 696
recovery from, 694–697
VoIP and, 689–690
packet marking, 714
packet-marking strategies, 324
Packet Radio, 516
packet-radio networks, 61
packets, 4, 23
ARP, 472
choke, 268
control, 314, 697
deep inspection of, 348, 354, 659
duplicate, 212
duplicate data, 216
forwarding, 308
in-order delivery of, 311
IPsec forms, 641–642
out-of-order, 225
processing, 486
RTP, 701
Packet Satellite, 516
packet-satellite networks, 60
packet scheduler, 325
packet scheduling
FIFO, 325–326
priority queuing, 326–328
round robin, 328–329
WFQ, 328–329
packet sniffer, 58, 77
packet-switched networks, delays in, 35–46
packet switches, 4, 23, 313
packet switching, 23–26, 27, 79
circuit switching versus, 30–31
development of, 59–60
store-and-forward, 23–24
paging, 554
pairwise communication, 303
Pairwise Master Key (PMK), 650
parallel TCP connections, fairness and, 282
parity bit, 446
parity checks, 446–448
passive optical networks (PONs), 15–16
passive scanning, 536
passwords, 623–624
path loss, 525
paths, 4
failover, 494
high-bandwidth, 278–279
least-cost, 378, 380–382, 384–385
multihop, 265–267
multiple same-cost, 394
shortest, 378
Paxos, 413
payload field, 54
PCM. See pulse code modulation
PDUs. See protocol data units
peering agreements, 404–405
peers, 33, 86–87
BitTorrent, 144–146
neighboring, 145–146
optimistically choked, 146
P2P streaming, 157
relay, 698–699
Skype, 698–699
unchoked, 146
peer-to-peer applications, 140–147
per-connection throughput, 262–263
per-hop behavior (PHB), 720, 722
permanent address, 564
per-router control, 374, 375
persistent connections, 100, 103
personal area networks, 548–551
PGP. See Pretty Good Privacy
P-GW. See Packet Data Network Gateway
PHB. See per-hop behavior
Photobell, 79
physical address, 468
physical layer, 52
physical media, 18–21
coaxial cable, 20
fiber optics, 20
satellite radio, 21
terrestrial radio, 20–21
twisted-pair copper wire, 19–20
piconet, 549
piggybacked acknowledgments, 241
ping, 419
ping messages, 139
pipelined reliable data transfer protocols, 217, 219–221
pipelining, 221
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), 697
plaintext, 597, 599
playback attack, 624
playout delay
adaptive, 692–694
fixed, 691–692
plug-and-play, 342, 484
PMK. See Pairwise Master Key
PMLN. See public land mobile network
PMS. See Pre-Master Secret
points of presence (PoPs), 33
point-to-point connections, 233
point-to-point link, 451
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 440, 451
poisoned reverse, 390
polling protocol, 464
polls, 464
polyalphabetic encryption, 599–600
polynomial codes, 449
PONs. See passive optical networks
PoPs. See points of presence
port numbers, 90, 159
NAT and, 345–347
socket, 195–196
well-known, 194
port scanning, 198
port-status message, 415
positive acknowledgments, 210
Post Office Protocol—Version 3 (POP3), 123–125
POTS. See Plain Old Telephone Service
Pouzin, Louis, 61
power management, 548
PPLive, 147
PPP. See Point-to-Point Protocol
ppstream, 147
prefetching video, 684–685
prefix, 317, 318, 338, 339
Pre-Master Secret (PMS), 636
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 626, 630–631
Prim's algorithm, 379
priority queueing, 325, 326–328
privacy, 658
private CDNs, 150
private key, 605
private networks, 34, 65, 345, 375, 638
probe frames, 536
processes
addressing, 89–90
client, 88–89
communicating, 88–90
network interface, 89
server, 88–89, 233
transport layer protocols connecting, 188
processing delay, 36
programmable network, 408
propagation delay, 35, 37–39
proprietary networks, 60–62
protocol data units (PDUs), 424, 425
protocol layering, 49–50
protocols, 5. See also specific protocols
defining, 7–9
network, 8–9
routing, 25–26
protocol stack, 50
provider, 32
provider networks, 404
proxy server, 110, 658
PSH bit, 237
public key, 605
public key certification, 617–620, 630–631
public key encryption, 597, 604–610
public land mobile network (PMLN), 575
public WiFi, 64, 523
pull protocol, 121
pulse code modulation (PCM), 678, 700
pure ALOHA protocol, 458
push caching, 155–156
push protocol, 121
Python, 158
port numbers, 195
TCP connections, 166–169
UDP connections, 161–164, 195