L

label-switched router, 493

Lam, Simon, 516–518

Lampson, Butler, 358

LAN. See local area network

LAN address, 468

LAN-on-motherboard configuration, 443

layer 4 switching, 315

layer 5 switching, 315

layered architectures, 47–53

• encapsulation, 53–55

layers, 49

leaky bucket policer, 716–719

least-cost path, 378

• Bellman-Ford equation for, 384–385

• in LS algorithm, 380–382

LEO satellites. See low-earth orbiting satellites

Level 3 Communications, 5

• CDN, 150

Licklider, J. C. R., 60

Limelight, 150

line cards, 443

• forwarding tables in, 317

• input and output ports, 314

• processing on, 320

line speeds, queuing and, 321–322

link access, 442

link capacity

• buffer sizing and, 325

• network congestion and, 263

link failure

• DV algorithm and, 388–390

• precomputed failover paths for, 494

link layer, 51–52, 440, 441

• broadcast, 451

• implementation locations, 443–444

• IP datagram size and, 333

• network as, 491–494

• services provided by, 442–443

link-layer acknowledgement, 537, 538, 539

link-layer addressing, 468–474

link-layer frame, 54, 440

link-layer switches, 4, 23, 313, 481–487

• destination address lookup in, 318

• forwarding and filtering, 481–482

• properties of, 484

• self-learning, 483–484

links, 440

• wireless, 521

link-scheduling discipline, 716

link-state algorithms (LS algorithms), 378, 379–383, 386

• centralized routing algorithm, 380

• computational complexity of, 382

• DV compared with, 390–391

• forwarding tables, 381–382

• message complexity, 390–391

• oscillations in, 382–383

• OSPF, 392

• robustness, 391

• speed of convergence, 391

• steps of, 380–381

link-state broadcast, 379

• erroneous, 391

link virtualization, 491–494

link weights, in OSPF, 393

live streaming, 681

load balancers, 354, 496–497

load distribution, 128

load-insensitive algorithms, 379

load-sensitive algorithm, 379

local area network (LAN), 16–17. See also virtual local area networks; wireless LANs

• sniffing, 485

• switched, 467–491

local DNS server, 132

local preference, 401

logical communication, 188

logically centralized control, 374–375, 376, 437

logically centralized routing controllers, 310

longest prefix matching rule, 317, 339

Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 18, 552, 553

• network architecture, 557–560

• time slots in, 559–560

lookup algorithms, 318

loss anticipation schemes, 694–697

loss recovery schemes

• error concealment, 696–697

• FEC, 694–695

• interleaving, 696

loss-tolerant applications, 91, 680

lossy channels, 214–217

LoST, 736

lost segments, 271

low-earth orbiting (LEO) satellites, 21

LS algorithms. See link-state algorithms

LTE. See Long-Term Evolution

LTE-Advanced, 560