B4, 375, 413, 416
backbone providers, 404
backoff
adaptive, 516
binary exponential, 463
random, 539
in slotted ALOHA, 516
back pressure, 686
bandwidth, 28–29
application sensitivity to, 92
ATM guarantees, 312
best-effort service and, 312
bottleneck, 111
congestion control and, 271
fairness and, 279–282
guaranteed minimal, 311–312
host-to-host, 498, 499
HTTP streaming and, 148–149
link-layer switching properties and, 484
memory, 319
P2P applications and, 140, 142
QoS guarantees, 710, 725
Skype usage of, 699
TCP and high, 278–279
throughput and, 91–92
traffic class isolation and, 715–716
UDP streaming and, 681, 683
video early termination wasting, 688
video prefetching and, 684
video properties and, 676–677
video streaming quality adaptation to, 680
Web caching and, 111–112
bandwidth flooding, 56, 57, 139
bandwidth probing, 271, 277
bandwidth provisioning, 711
bandwidth-sensitive applications, 92
Baran, Paul, 60
base HTML file, 98
base station (BS), 522, 533
base station controller (BSC), 554
base station subsystem (BSS), 554
base transceiver station (BTS), 554
basic service set (BSS), 533, 544
BBN, 61
beacon frames, 535, 536, 548
beacon signals, 578
Bellman-Ford equation, 384–385
Bellovin, Steven, 673–674
BER. See bit error rate
Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND), 127
Berners-Lee, Tim, 63
best-effort delivery services, 192
best-effort services, 312
dimensioning, 709, 711–712
limitations of, 688–689
multiple classes of service for, 712–719
BGP. See Border Gateway Protocol
BGP attributes, 398–399
BGP connection, 397
bidirectional data transfer, 208
binary exponential backoff, 463
BIND. See Berkeley Internet Name Domain
bind(), 195
bit error rate (BER), 526–528
bit errors
data transfer over channel with, 209–214
data transfer over lossy channel with, 214–217
undetected, 445
bit-level error detection and correction, 444
BITNET, 62
BitTorrent, 141, 144–147, 158, 700
trackers, 144–146
trading algorithm, 146
blades, 495
block ciphers, 600–602
Bluetooth, 549–550
Boggs, David, 475, 478
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 374, 379, 386, 395–407, 504
determining best routes, 398–402
in Google SDN, 413
hot potato routing, 400–401
internal BGP, 397–398
IP-anycast implementation with, 402–403
outside-AS destinations, 400
role of, 395–396
route attributes, 399
route information advertisement, 396–398
route-selection algorithm, 401–402
routing policy, 403–406
routing tables, 401–402
border routers, 394–395, 495
botnets, 56
bottleneck bandwidth, 111
bottleneck link, 45
TCP fairness and, 279–280
bounded delay, 311
bring home, 150
broadband Internet, 64
broadcast
in ALOHA, 62, 458, 459, 460
ARP messages, 471–473, 503
CSMA and, 460–461
CSMA/CD and, 462
CTS and RTS frames, 541
DHCP requests, 501–502
Ethernet links, 480
forwarding to, 358
link-layer, 451
link-state, 379, 391
MAC address for, 470, 472
in OSPF, 393–394
packet sniffing and, 58
probe frames, 536
in switch poisoning, 485
wireless LANs, 451
broadcast address
IP, 341, 343
MAC, 470, 472
broadcast channels, 453
broadcast link, 451–453
broadcast media, 98, 303
broadcast storms, 486–487
Brooks, Fred, 673
browsers, 681
brute-force attacks, 601
BS. See base station
BSC. See base station controller
BSS. See base station subsystem; basic service set
BTS. See base transceiver station
buffered distributors, 480
buffer overflows, congestion causing, 266–267
buffers
client application, 685–686
client-side, 682
output, 24
receive, 253, 254
send, 235
sizing for routers, 325
in streaming, 685–686
TCP, 685–686
buffer starvation, 689
bus, switching via, 320
Bush, Vannevar, 63