AAC. See Advanced Audio Coding
ABR. See ATM Available Bit Rate
Abramson, Norman, 62, 460, 478
access control lists, 654, 656
access networks, 12–18, 404
cable, 14–15, 64, 463, 465–467
dial-up access, 16, 491
DSL, 13–14, 64
enterprise, 16–17
Ethernet, 16–17
FTTH, 15–16, 64
HFC, 14
LTE, 18, 552, 553, 557–560
radio access networks, 556–560
satellite, 16, 439
3G, 18
WiFi, 16–17
access points (APs), 522, 523
in infrastructure LANs, 534
MAC addresses, 533, 535
mobility between, 560–561
power management and, 548
scanning for, 536
ACK (positive acknowledgments), 210–214
corrupted, 212
DHCP, 344–345, 502
duplicate, 214, 249
in 802.11 RTC/CTS system, 541–542
TCP generation recommendation, 250
ACK bit, 236
ack clocking, 303
ACK frames, 541–542
acknowledged segments, 271
acknowledgement frames, 539
acknowledgements
cumulative, 224, 238
link-layer, 537, 538, 539
negative, 210–214, 241, 448
piggybacked, 241
positive, 210–214, 249, 344–345, 541–542
TCP, 237–239, 252
acknowledgment number, 237–239
piggybacked, 241
Telnet and, 239–241
acknowledgment number field, 236
ACK received events, 245, 246
active optical networks (AONs), 15
active queue management (AQM), 324
active scanning, 536
adapters, 443, 444
ARP query and, 472
CSMA/CD operation and, 462–463
datagram transmission and, 471, 473–474
802.11, 533, 537
error detection in, 448
Ethernet frames and, 476–478
jabbering, 484
LAN-on-motherboard configuration, 443
layer independence and, 470
MAC addresses, 468–470
on separate cards, 443
adaptive backoff, 516
adaptive congestion control, 203
adaptive HTTP streaming, 681
adaptive playout delay, 692–694
additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease (AIMD), 277
address aggregation, 339
addresses. See also IP addresses; MAC addresses
anycast, 349
care-of, 564, 565–567, 573
foreign, 564
IP broadcast, 341, 343
LAN, 468
MAC broadcast, 470, 472
mobile node, 561
obtaining with DHCP, 342–345
permanent, 564
physical, 468
realm with private, 345
SIP, 705–706
addressing, 89–90
classful, 338–339
IPv4, 334–345
link-layer, 468–474
mobility and, 562–564
mobility management and, 562–564
processes, 89–90
SIP, 705–706
address lease time, 344
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 468, 470–473, 503
data center network design and, 497
Address Supporting Organization of ICANN, 341
ad hoc networks, 534
mobile, 524–525, 562
vehicular, 525
Adleman, Leonard, 605
administrative autonomy, 392
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 678, 700
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 60, 371, 516
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), 602, 636
agent advertisement, 571, 574
agent discovery, 570, 571–573
agent solicitation, 572
aging time, 483
AH protocol. See Authentication Header protocol
AIMD. See additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease
Akamai, 150, 155
aliasing
host, 128, 136
mail server, 128
ALOHANet, 60, 62, 460
ALOHA protocols, 455, 478
backoff in, 516
pure, 458
slotted, 456–458, 516
alternating-bit protocol, 217, 218
Alto computers, 478
Amazon, 64, 500, 675
cloud services, 154
Netflix and, 154–156
video streaming, 147, 679
anchor foreign agent, 569
anchor MSC, 579
Andreessen, Marc, 63, 184–185
Andreessen Horowitz, 184
Android devices, 18
anomaly-based systems, 661
anonymity, 658
anycast address, 349
AONs. See active optical networks
Apache Web server, 158, 199
API. See Application Programming Interface
application architecture, 86
application delay, 43
application gateways, 652, 656–657, 659
application layer, 50
application-layer message, 54
application-layer protocols, 95
defining, 96–97
DNS, 50
FTP, 50
HTTP, 50, 96–97
Skype, 96
SMTP, 50, 97
application-level transport reliability, 203–204
Application Programming Interface (API), 89
application protocols, well-known, 195
applications. See also multimedia applications; network applications
bandwidth-sensitive, 92
delay-sensitive, 680
distributed, 5
elastic, 92
loss-tolerant, 91, 680
network-service, 416
peer-to-peer, 140–147
real-time conversational, 700–708
SDN control, 410–412
transport services available to, 90–93
APs. See access points
AQM. See active queue management
A records, 135
ARP. See Address Resolution Protocol
ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARPAnet, 234
ALOHAnet connection to, 460
Cerf on, 371
development of, 60–63
Lam on, 516
Metcalfe and, 478
routing algorithms, 379, 386
ARPAnet Satellite System, 516
ARP packet, 472
ARP query, 503
ARP reply, 503
ARP table, 472
ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) protocols, 210, 448
ASN. See autonomous system number
AS numbers. See autonomous system number
AS-PATH, 399, 401
ASs. See autonomous systems
associate, 535
association
in 802.11, 534–837
security, 640–641, 645
assured forwarding PHB, 722
Atheros AR5006, 443
ATM, 517
congestion control, 268
delay and bandwidth guarantees, 312
Ethernet and, 475
IP device interconnection with, 492
MPLS headers for, 492
Q2931b and, 725
QoS information in, 725
SDN and, 415
ATM Available Bit Rate (ABR), 261
AT&T, 5, 375, 436, 736
audio
AAC, 678, 700
jitter removal for, 691–694
MP3, 678, 700
properties of, 677–679
quantization, 678
RTP payloads, 703
Skype quality adaptation for, 697
streaming, 679–680
authentication
802.11i, 649–650
end-point, 58–59, 595
MD5, 394
message, code for, 613–617, 634–635, 642
in OSPF, 394
receiver, 627
sender, 627, 628
simple, 394
wireless LANs, 536–537
Authentication Header protocol (AH protocol), 640
authentication key, 613
authentication protocol, 621–625
authoritative DNS servers, 132, 504
autonomous system number (ASN), 392
autonomous systems (ASs), 392
in BGP route advertisement, 396–398
hierarchy within, 394–395
iBGP connections within, 397
routing between, 391–395, 405, 416
availability zones, 500
average throughput, 44
Azure, 65