INDEX
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adenoids, 122
ADHD
nasal breathing and, 50
obstructions in mouth and, 120
tonsil or adenoid removal and, 122
adrenaline, 153
aerobic life, 9–10, 170, 193–94
aerobic respiration, 24–25
aging
lungs / lung capacity and, 55–56
malleability of internal organs, 56
alkalosis, 140
alternate nostril breathing techniques, 42–45, 219–20. See also nadi shodhana
alveoli, 73
anaerobic life, 192–93
anaerobic respiration, 24–25
Anderson, David, 172
anorexia, 177
anxiety disorders
carbon dioxide therapies and, 171, 176–77
chemoreceptor-amygdalae communication and, 211–12
slow breathing and, 83
vagus nerve stimulation and, 150
Art of Living Foundation, 198–99, 228
arteries, 74
asthma, 174
carbon dioxide therapies and, 177
density of nasal hairs and, 39
less breathing and, 90, 98–101
obstructions in mouth and, 120
athletic performance
anaerobic versus aerobic respiration and, 24–25
Counsilman’s training of U.S. Olympic swim team, 95–96
Douillard’s bike experiment, 23–24
heart rate and, 25–26
Hof’s heavy breathing techniques and, 151–53
and mouthbreathing, 23–24
Stough’s exhalation work with athletes and, 65–66, 209
atoms, 192
atrial flutter, 190
autonomic nervous system, and breathing, 143–45
bacteria, 7
balloon sinuplasty, 118
Benson, Herbert, 151
Bhagavad Gita, 171
bhandas, 200
Bhavanani, Ananda Balayogi, 40
bike experiment, and mouthbreathing, 23–24
Biobloc, 127
blood flow, and heavy breathing, 163
body mass index (BMI), 85
Bohr, Christian, 75–76
Bön monks, 186
bone growth, Belfor’s research on, 131–35
Book on Breath by the Master Great Nothing of Sung-Shan, A, 171–72
box breathing, 229
Brandt, George Henry, 174
breastfeeding, 132
breath/breathing, xiii–xxii
anatomical journey of, 73–74
ancient texts and, xvii–xviii
author’s initial experience practicing, xiii–xvi
autonomic nervous system, influence on, 143–45
Breathing+. See Breathing+ techniques
chemoreceptors and, 169–70
evolution and, 9–10, 12–13, 15–16
exhalation. See exhalation
freediving and, xvi–xvii
holding. See holding breath
importance of learning how to breathe, xx–xxii
internal organs, influence on, 143
less breathing. See less breathing
modern medicine’s view of, xviii
mouthbreathing. See mouthbreathing
nasal breathing. See nasal breathing
as preventative maintenance, 205
rate of. See respiratory rates
religions practicing, xxi–xxii
skull development research and, 10–13
weight loss through, 74–75
Breath of Life, The (Catlin), 48, 52
Breathe Right strips, 118
breathing coordination, 65, 66, 220–21
Breathing+ techniques, 139–64, 210
author’s practice of Holotropic Breathwork, 161–64
author’s practice of Tummo, 142–43, 147–48, 150, 153–54
autonomic nervous system and, 143–45
Benson’s research, 151
blood flow and, 163
David-Néel’s first reporting of Tummo, 146–47, 150–51
Hof’s athletic feats and Tummo practice, 151–53
Hof’s breathing method, 156
Holotropic Breathwork, 158–64, 186–87
hormones released by Tummo, 153
Irritable Heart Syndrome, discovery and chronicling of, 140–42, 147–48
McGee’s discovery of, and use of Hof’s techniques, 153–55
potential negative consequences of, 140
pranayama techniques. See pranayama techniques
Tummo (Inner Fire Meditation), 145–48, 150–58, 186, 210, 226–27
vagal system and, 148–50
BreathIQ, 213
Brihadaranyaka, 196
bronchioles, 73
Brosse, Thérèse, 191
Brown, Richard, 83–84
Buddhist monks
mantra of, 82
slow breathing and, 186
Buddhists, xvii
Buteyko, Konstantin Pavlovich, 89–90, 92–93, 97–98, 101
Buteyko technique, 221–24. See also hypoventilation training / Buteyko breathing
cancer, 193
anatomical journey of, 74
author’s carbon dioxide therapy, 178–79, 181–83
Bohr’s discovery of oxygen-loosening function of, 75–76
chemoreceptors and, 169–70
color of blood and, 74
dilatory effect on blood vessels, 76
fear circuit triggered by, 169
Feinstein’s carbon dioxide therapy research, 175–79
Henderson’s dog experiments and, 76–78
Olsson’s experimental use, 179–80
weight loss and, 74–75
Chandogya Upanishads, 196
chemoreceptors/chemoreception, 169–70, 211
Chesney, Margaret, 172
bone density and growth triggered by, 132
breastfeeding and, 132
lack of, and morphological changes in humans, 116
oral devices, 225
palatal expansion, 226
soft-food diets, deleterious effects of, 133–34
stem cell production and, 132
See also mouth
ch’i, 188
chronic insomnia disorders, 30
cilia, 45
cinefluorography, 63
Civil War, 140–42
Coherent Breathing, 83–84, 221
colds, and bacterial growth in congested nasal passages, 7
“Concerning a Biologically Important Relationship—The Influence of the Carbon Dioxide Content of Blood on Its Oxygen Binding” (Bohr), 76
congestion, and bacteria growth, 7
conscious apnea, 171–72
continuous partial attention, 172
Control Pause technique, 222
Corruccini, Robert, 133–34, 205
cortisol, 153
Cottle’s maneuver, 118
Counsilman, James, 94–95
CPAPs (continuous positive airway pressure masks), 122
cranial dystrophy posture, 128
crooked teeth
breastfeeding and, 132
causes of, 134
Corruccini’s research on, 133–34
farming cultures and, 107
modern versus ancient skulls and, 12
soft-food diets and, 133–34
See also mouth
Da Costa, Jacob Mendez, 140–42
David-Néel, Alexandra, 146–47, 150–51, 157
Decongest the Nose technique, 224
dental problems, and mouthbreathing, 49–50
depression
carbon dioxide therapies and, 176–77
slow breathing and, 83
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 176
vagus nerve stimulation and, 150
DeRose, Luíz Sérgio Álvares, 186, 187, 194–95, 197–201
deviated septum, 118
diseases of civilization, 205–6
Dr. Breath (Stough), 60
Dunn, Matthew, 100
dysevolution, 13
Eastern medicines, 205–6
Ebers Papyrus, 45
eczema, 174
Ehrlich, Paul R., 125
electrons, 192–93
email apnea, 172
empty nose syndrome, 118–20
epilepsy, 211
erectile tissue, nasal, 40–41
Evans, Lee, 66
Evans, Marianna, 10–11, 12, 31–33, 135n, 226
evolution
aerobic life, 9–10
dysevolution, 13
food mashing and cooking, effects of, 13–14
morphological changes in humans, 14–16, 107–8
oxygen’s ability to exchange electrons and, 193
skull development and, 10–13
exercise-induced asthma, 98
exhalation, 59–68
breathing coordination and, 65, 66, 220–21
Martin’s counting exhalation exercise, 64–65
Stough’s work with athletes and, 65–66, 209
Stough’s work with emphysema patients and, 59–64, 209
thoracic pump and, 61
weight loss and, 74–75
Expand-a-Lung, 213
expansive orthodontic devices, 123, 127, 132, 226
exposure therapy, 177
extreme apnea, 140
extreme breathing. See Breathing+ techniques
Eye of Revelation, The (Kelder), 54
Eyerman, James, 160–61
Feinstein, Justin, 167–69, 173–79, 181, 182, 183, 211–12
Five Tibetan Rites, 53–54
4-7-8 breathing, 230
Framingham Study, 54–55
Friedman tongue position scale, 121
Gelb, Michael, 121, 122, 125–26, 204
genes, 205–6
Genesis 2:7, 45–46
Gerbarg, Patricia, 83–84
glucose, 24
Google app, for training in breathing rate, 213
Grof, Stanislav, 158–60, 163, 164
ground-glass lungs, 83–84
Guilleminault, Christian, 30
hand and tongue poses, 82
Hang, William, 226
heart rate, and exercise, 25–26
hemoglobin, 74
Henderson, Yandell, 76–78, 174–75
Hindus, xvii
breathing method, 156
holding breath, 165–84, 211–12
ancient practices of, 171–72, 173
chemoreception and, 169–71
Feinstein’s carbon dioxide therapy research, 175–79
Feinstein’s studies of carbon dioxide and fear, 167–69
historical carbon dioxide therapies, 174–75
unconscious apnea, 172–73
Holotropic Breathwork, 158–64, 186–87
Homeoblock, 132
Homo erectus, 13–14
Homo habilis, 13
Homo heidelbergensis, 14–15
Homo naledi, 14–15
Homo neanderthalensis, 14–15
Homo sapiens, 14–16
honeymoon rhinitis, 41
Huberman, Andrew, 152
hypertension, 89–90
hypocapnia, 140
hypoventilation training / Buteyko breathing, 93–97, 221–24
Control Pause technique, 222
Counsilman’s training of U.S. Olympic swim team and, 95–96
current medical community dismissal of, 101
Decongest the Nose technique, 224
extending time between inhalations and exhalations, 103–4
internet websites offering instructions, 224
Mater Hospital study, 101
Mini Breathholds technique, 222–23
Nose Songs technique, 223
Walking/Running technique, 223–24
Woorons’s verifying efficacy of, 95
Zátopek’s pioneering of, 93–94
hypoxic training. See hypoventilation training / Buteyko breathing
Indus-Sarasvati civilization, 195–96
infections, and bacterial growth in congested nasal passages, 7
Inner Fire Meditation (Tummo), 145–48, 150–58, 186, 210, 226–27
insomnia, 30
intelligence, and mouthbreathing, 30–31
internal organs, malleability of, 56
Introduction to Respiratory Science (video), 67–68
Iraq War, 142
Irritable Heart Syndrome, 140–42, 147–48
Iyengar, B. K. S., 104
jiya pranayama, 200
Jones, Timothy, 67
Kahn, Sandra, 125
Kayser, Richard, 40–41
Kelder, Peter, 53–54
khechari, 82
ki, 188
Kling, Arthur, 165–66
lactic acid, 24
large intestines, 13–14
laryngectomies, 51
larynx, 15–16
left nostril breathing, 41–42
Lemnius, Levinus, 29
less breathing
author’s and Olsson’s practice of, 87–89, 91, 96–97
Buteyko’s experiments and development of techniques, 89–90, 92–93, 97–98
historical traditions practicing, 86
hypoventilation training and. See hypoventilation training / Buteyko breathing
kidney buffering and, 101–2
Papworth method, 101
respiratory rates considered normal, 85–86
and treatment of respiratory conditions, 101–2
VO2 max and, 89
Zátopek’s pioneering of hypoventilation training, 93–94
Lieberman, Daniel, 13
lifespan, and lung capacity, 54–55
lips, 15
lower turbinates, 44–45
Lund, Valerie J., 26
lungs / lung capacity, 73
aging and, 55–56
freedivers and, 56
lifespan and, 54–55
malleability of, 56
moderate exercise and, 56
orthopedic breathing and, 57–58
shallow breathing, effects of, 64
Stough’s work with emphysema patients and, 59–64
as weight-regulating system of body, 75
Maffetone, Phil, 25–26
mammals, 9–10
Martin, Lynn, 58–59, 64, 66–67
mastic gum, 225
Mater Hospital study, on effects of breathing less, 101
matter, 192–93
Matthiessen, Peter, 46–47
maxilla, 131
McGee, Chuck, III, 142, 147–48, 150, 153–56, 210, 227
meditation, 176–77
Meuret, Alicia, 100–101, 177–78
mewing, 128–29
mindful meditation, 177
mineral springs, 174
Mini Breathholds technique, 222–23
modern medicine
limitations of, 204–5
problems requiring, 204
view of breathing, xviii
molecules, 192
monoblocs, 123
morphological changes in humans, 14–16, 107–8
farmed foods and, 107–8
Price’s research on traditional and modern processed diets and, 113–16
processed foods and, 111–16
soft foods and, 133–34
vitamin and mineral deficiencies, role of, 115–16
mouth
airway obstructions of, 120–22
Belfor’s bone growth research and, 131–33, 134–35
breathing through. See mouthbreathing
children with deformities of, 31–32
oral posture, 127–28
orthodontic devices designed to expand, 121–22
tongue-thrusting exercises, 129
tooth extraction and retractive orthodontics, impacts of, 123–25
width of, and impeded development of nasal cavities, 6
See also chewing
mouthbreathing, 20–33
athletic performance and, 23–24
dental problems and, 49–50
Douillard’s bike experiment and, 23–24
Harvold’s monkey experiments and, 26–27, 33
intelligence, impact on, 30–31
oxygen levels and, 29
physical body and airways, effect on, 27, 29, 32–33
prevalence of, 5–6
Stanford experiment with author and Olsson, 3–9, 16–18, 19–23, 28–29, 37–38, 79–82, 87–89, 105–7, 139, 206–8
water loss and, 29–30
mucous membrane, 44–45
mudras, 82
My Journey to Lhasa (David-Néel), 150–51
Naropa, 145–46
nasal breathing
alternate nostril breathing techniques, 42–45
Catlin and, 46–49
left nostril breathing, 41–42
manipulating body functions through, 42
nasal cycles, 39–42
nitric oxide release and, 50
physical body and airways, effect of, 27
Plains Indians and, 46–48
right nostril breathing, 41
surya bheda pranayama, 43
See also nose
nasal cycles, 39–42
nasal dilator cones, 118
nasal surgeries, 118–19
nasal valve collapse, 118
Nature, 151
Nayak, Jayakar, 4, 5, 6–7, 8, 117–18
neck, 121
neutrons, 192
New York Times, The, 190
Ni Ch’i (adverse breath), 31
Nims, Robert, 63
nitric oxide
nose breathing and, 50
Nose Songs technique and, 223
Nitsch, Herbert, 56
norepinephrine, 153
normobaric hypoxia training. See hypoventilation training / Buteyko breathing
nose, 37–52
atrophy of, 50–51
bacteria growth, in congested nasal cavities, 7
balloon sinuplasty and, 118
biological functions influenced by, 39
chronic obstructions, prevalence of, 5–6
cilia, 45
deviated septum, 118
erectile tissue in, 40–41
evolution and, 15
functions of, 39
historical recognition of healing powers of, 45–48
laryngectomies, effect of, 51
mouth width and impeded development of nasal cavities, 6
mucous membrane, 44–45
nasal valve collapse, 118
procedures for remedying obstructed breathing, 117–20
rhythmic pattern of opening and closing of nostrils (nasal cycles), 39–42
smell and, 38–39
surgeries and, 118–20
volume of air in single breath, 44
See also nasal breathing
Nose Songs technique, 223
Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (Price), 115
obesity, 85
obsessive-compulsive disorders, 177
Olsson, Anders, 7–9, 17, 19–21, 29, 43, 44, 52, 69–72, 79–81, 87–88, 105–6, 157, 179–80, 212–13
Olympic runners, Stough’s work with, 66
Olympic swim team, Counsilman’s training of, 95–96
Om Mani Padme Hum, 82
optimum breathing rate, 82–83, 84, 104, 212
oral devices, to stimulate chewing, 225
oral posture, 127–28
oral steroids, 99
orenda, 188
orthodontics
Biobloc, 127
expansive devices, 123, 127, 132, 226
Homeoblock, 132
monoblocs, 123
retractive orthodontics, 124–25
orthopedic breathing, 57–58
overbreathing, 85–86, 142–43. See also Breathing+ techniques
overeating, 85
oxygen, 9–10
color of blood and, 74
delivery system, 73–74
electron exchange, and evolution, 193
levels, and mouthbreathing, 29
levels, and slow breathing, 80–82
overbreathing or breathing pure oxygen, ineffectiveness of, 76–78
supplemental oxygen, effects of, 77n
tissue health and, 193–94
Oxygen Advantage, The (McKeown), 224
palatal expansion, 226
panic disorders, 177–78
Papworth method, 101
parasympathetic nervous system
breathing and, 144
left nostril breathing and, 41–42
sexual arousal and, 145n
Paris catacombs, 108–10, 112–13
perfect breath, 82–83, 84, 104, 212
Pinheiro, Heduan, 194, 200–201
pituitary gland, 29–30
Plains Indians, 46–48
pneuma, 188
pneumonia, 63
Porges, Stephen, 148, 149, 150
prana, 187–88
in ancient traditions, 188
and earliest yoga, 188
Szent-Györgyi’s explanation of energy of electrons, 191–94
pranayama techniques, 199–201, 210
jiya pranayama, 200
surya bheda pranayama, 43
yogic breathing, 228–29
prefrontal cortex
mouthbreathing and, 30–31
right nostril breathing and, 41
Preventive Oral Device (POD), 225
Price, Weston, 113–16
protons, 192
psoriasis, 174
pulmonology, xviii–xix
Purifying Breath, 199
qigong, 188
Rama, Swami, 188–91
red blood cells, 73–74
resonant breathing, 83–84, 221
respiratory acidosis, 140
respiratory rates
Henderson’s dog experiments, 76–78
normal, considered medically, 85–86
retractive orthodontics, 124–25
Richards-Ross, Sanya, 96n, 100
right nostril breathing, 41
ruah, 188
Runner’s World, 94
sa ta na ma chant, 82
Sanborn, David, 68
schizophrenia, and left nostril breathing, 42
Schroth, Katharina, 56–58
scoliosis, 56–57
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 176
sexual arousal, 145n
shallow breathing, 64
Shankar, Sri Sri Ravi, 198–99
Shiva Swarodaya, 40
sildenafil (Viagra), 50
Simonetti, Scott, 225
skull development research, 10–13
breastfeeding and, 132
CPAPs and, 122
health effects of, 30
mouth taping and, 52
obstructions in mouth and, 120
percentage of population exhibiting, 32
Sloan, Rick, 66
slow breathing, 69–84
anatomy of breathing and, 73–74
author’s experiment with Olsson and, 79–82
carbon dioxide–oxygen balance and, 72–78
Gerbarg and Brown’s resonant breathing and, 83–84, 221
oxygen levels and, 80–82
Small, Maurice J., 60
smell, 38–39
snoring, 16
breastfeeding and, 132
health effects of, 30
mouth taping and, 52
obstructions in mouth and, 120
percentage of population exhibiting, 32
speech, 15
Spire, 213
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 176
Stanford experiment with author and Olsson, 3–9, 16–18, 19–23, 28–29, 37–38, 79–82, 87–89, 105–7, 139, 206–8
Storey, Don, 204
Stough, Carl, 209
athletes, work with, 65–66, 209
emphysema patients, work with, 59–64
video of methods of, 67–68
stress, vagal system response to, 148–50
stretches
Five Tibetan Rites, 53–54
lung capacity, expanding, 53
Sudarshan Kriya, 198–200, 210, 227–30
author’s practice of, xiv–xvi
box breathing, 229
breathhold walking, 229–30
4-7-8 breathing, 230
phases of, 227–28
prana and, 199–200
Purifying Breath, 199
yogic breathing, 228–29
surya bheda pranayama, 43
sutures, 131
sympathetic nervous system
breathing and, 144–45
right nostril breathing and, 41
sympathetic nervous system overload, 140
Szent-Györgyi, Albert, 191–94, 205
teeth
crooked. See crooked teeth
extractions, 123–25
tetany, 162
thermal baths, 174
thoracic pump, 61
throat, 73
Tibetan monks, and Tummo, 146, 151
tongue-thrusting exercises, 129
tonsils, 122
tracheal carina, 73
transdermal carbon dioxide therapy, 174n
Tummo (Inner Fire Meditation), 145–48, 150–58, 186, 210, 226–27
Urbach-Wiethe disease, 166–69
uvula, 120–21
vagal system, 148–50
vagus nerve, 148–50
vagus nerve stimulation, 150
vasopressin, 29–30
Vedas and vedic teachings, 196
veins, 74
Viagra (sildenafil), 50
Vietnam War, 142
vitamin deficiencies, 115–16
VO2 max, 89
Voluntary Elimination of Deep Breathing, 93, 98. See also hypoventilation training / Buteyko breathing
Walking/Running technique, 223–24
Wallace, James Sim, 133
water loss, and mouthbreathing, 29–30
weight loss, and breathing, 74–75
Wenger, M. A., 191
Wiebe, David, 99
Wolpe, Joseph, 176
Woorons, Xavier, 95
Yale track and field team, Stough’s work with, 65
yoga
Indus-Sarasvati civilization and, 195–96
modern practice of, 197–98
Rama’s abilities, 188–91
sa ta na ma chant, 82
traditional Yôga practice, 198
sutras of Patanjali, 196
Vedas and vedic teachings, 196
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, 196–97
yogic breathing, 228–29
yogic sleep, 190
Young, Austen, 26
Zátopek, Emil, 93–94
Zuckerberg, Mark, 128