* indicates a pseudonym
ACEs. See Adverse Childhood Experiences
ADD. See attention deficit disorder
addiction, 39, 134, 211–212, 215
ADHD. See attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
adoptive homes
NMC for, 290
sensitization in, 311
Title IV-E funding, 319
adrenaline. See epinephrine
adults
calm and well-regulated state importance, 315–316
child development education for, 149, 168, 266
self-care for helping, 315
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), on physical health, 316
African Americans, transgenerational trauma of, 342–343
aggression, 114
children negative grouping for, 275
fight or flight response and, 52, 215
threat awareness and, 21, 69, 272
Alan* (father of Leon), 116–121
alloparents, 266–267
Amber (patient), 199–200, 334–338
background of, 201–202
cognitive therapy for, 217–218
dissociative response of, 202–203, 207, 209
fantasy escapes of, 207–208, 209
Goth social environment of, 210
self-hatred of, 217–218
self-hypnosis and, 219
self-mutilation of, 202, 206, 210
therapy begun with, 206
American Psychiatric Association, on media violence, 270
Amy* (mother of Peter)
parenting challenges of, 247–248, 251
as remarkable parent, 245–246, 248
animals
runt syndrome, 99–100
stress influence on, xxiii, 19, 21
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), 124
arousal continuum, 49, 296–298, 296 (fig.)
Arthur* (Justin’s caregiver), 140–143
ASPD. See antisocial personality disorder
Asperger’s syndrome, 125–126
associations
memory creating, 24–28
pleasurable, 91–92
sexual abuse in early life and, 26, 27–28
therapy creation of new, 307
use-dependent development and, 27–28
attachment
infant importance, 90
as memory template for human bonds, 92
sensitive period for development of, 92
attachment therapy. See holding therapy
attention deficit disorder (ADD), 6, 52, 133, 148
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 34, 52, 129, 148
behaviorism and, 344
trauma and diagnosis of, 285
attention problems, xxiv
brainstem and, 18
autism, 235
massage therapy for, 154
overview of, 125–126
relationships indifference of, 148
BATF. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
behavior treatment interventions
love and safety necessary in, 273–274
punitive approaches in, 274
behaviorism, in schools, 343
flight or fight response and, 344–345
reward and punishment strategies, 344
animals and function of, 70
blue spot. See locus coeruleus
brain
arousal continuum and, 296–297
burnt out, of systems, 35
catastrophic events and, xxiv, 47
chemicals action in, 19, 35, 68
complex functions responsibility, 16
dissociative response and, 50–51
function, capabilities and, 281–282
function hierarchy in, 295, 295 (fig.)
growth of, 249–250, 293–294, 293 (fig.)
infancy stress impact on, xxiii, 15
map, sequential experiences based upon, 282
memory and, 24–28
neglect affecting, 134, 141, 145
neural systems stress-response regulation, 20–21, 97
NMT and schematic diagram of, 282
norepinephrine action in, 20, 35–36
parental effects on, 89
patterns of experience, 25, 26–27, 40–41, 123, 272
physical body growth and, 293–294, 293 (fig.)
relationships and relational cues in, 69–70
in resilient children, 38–39
response to threat, 36, 48–49, 69
rhythm-keeping regions of, 156–157
schematic functioning of, 282
sensitization and tolerance effects in, 38
sequential development of, 250
smaller, in institutions, 141, 243
trauma protection by, 47–49
use-dependent development and, 69–70, 114, 247, 268, 296
brain structure
cortex, 17, 18, 49, 68–69, 250, 282, 297, 303–304, 314–315, 324
glia in, 17
mirror neurons, 97–98, 220, 231, 272, 274
brainstem, 17
abnormalities of, 18
attention problems and, 18
coordinated walking and, 149
development of, 68
dissociative response and, 50
maternal heart rate and, 157
missing sensory input to, 159
organization and function of, 18, 250, 282
reflexive, impulsive action of, 297
rhythm and, 157
Branch Davidian compound. See Davidian children
Brian (patient)
background story of, 185–186
on coerced confessions, 191–193
sensitivity and morality of, 193
Brown, James York, 185–189, 196
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF), 61
burnt out, of brain systems, 35
butterfly effect, 130–132
caregivers. See parents
Caregiving Challenge Estimator (CCE), 340
catastrophic events, xxiv, 47, 62, 82–83
CCE. See Caregiving Challenge Estimator
certification, in NMT, 279–280, 287–289
challenging process of, 290–291
Train-the-Trainer component, 291
chaotic signals, sensitization from, 55
chemical action, in brain, 19, 35, 68
child development education, 149, 168, 266
Child Protective Services (CPS), 29–30, 62–63, 140, 171, 174–175, 228, 318
ChildTrauma Academy relationship with Texas, 330
on questionable therapeutic techniques, 277–278
child psychiatry
diseases distinguished from neglect, 235
preconceptions avoidance, 234
child welfare system
caseworkers self-regulation importance, 331
forever families emphasis, 318
innovation gap and, 319
poor long-term outcomes in, 336
secondary traumatic stress in, 330, 332
Title IV-E funding for, 318–319
childhood adversity
ChildTrauma Academy on, 328
DSM diagnoses correlation and, 285
role in mental illness, 285–286
children
abuse statistics, xxv
challenges and risk requirements, 268–269
coerced confessions of, 174–175, 184–188, 191–195
development education for adults, 149, 168, 266
empathy and autistic, 126–127
holding therapy inflicted on, 179–180
inflicted with holding therapy, 179–180
Koresh prophecies to, 82–83
loving and consistent care of troubled, 260
lying encouragement, in holding therapy, 184
media violence exposure, 270
relationships number and quality increase, 260
resilience of, xxiii, 37–39, 42, 261
risk taking, in healing communities, 268–269
simplistic research on, 283–284
as SRA victims, 174–175, 178, 182, 184, 193–194
trauma statistics on, xxv–xxvi
trauma vulnerability, 37–38, 68
ChildTrauma Academy, xxvi, 280, 290
childhood adversity and relational health measures evaluation, 328
Crisis Intervention and Secondary Trauma Prevention program, 331–333
innovation gap closure, 306
legal system education by, 324
NMT refinement, 288–289
Texas Child Protective Services relationship with, 330
Clark, Patty*, 187–189
Clinton, Hillary, 168
clonidine, 101
difficult cases using, 32–33
positive effects of, 57
for veterans hyper-arousal symptoms, 36
cocaine, dopamine and, 35, 39, 211–212
coerced confessions
Brian on, 191–193
of children, in SRA prosecution, 184–188, 191–193
on sexual abuse, 188
by Vernon children, in SRA prosecution, 174–175, 193–195
coercive methods
problems with, 188
trauma victims ineffective, 184, 244, 275–276
cognition
arousal continuum and shift in, 297
development emphasis of schools, 267
cognitive therapy, 217–218
Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS), of Green and Ablon, 346, 347
competition, focus on, 271, 272
Connor (patient), 147, 325–330
behavior and diagnosis of, 148–149
early life brain stimulation missing, 150, 152
infant neglect, 150–152
lack of development in, 151
massage therapy for, 154–156
music and movement class, 158–159
neglected brain areas treatment target, 153
parallel play therapy for, 161–165
rhythm therapy for, 156–160, 169
social development therapy, 160–165
therapy determination for, 153
control
coping with trauma through, 208–209
habituation and, 55
learned helplessness phenomenon and, 54
over sexual abuse, 208–209
regaining, after coping with trauma, 53–54
controllability, for resilience-building, 312–314
cooperation, evolution of, 270–271
cortex, 17
abnormalities in, 18
development of, 68
fear response and, 49, 68–69, 297, 314–315
immature adolescent, 324
organization and function of, 18, 69, 250, 282, 315
sequential engagement and, 303–304
social development and, 18
cortisol, 68
CPS. See Child Protective Services; Collaborative Problem Solving
cuteness, in children, 90–91
Davidian children, xxiv–xxv, 314–317
ages of, 66
catastrophic raid and, 62, 82–83
creating new environments for, 75, 76
disciplining, 79
dissociative response in, 80
end of world readiness, 60–61, 74
maladaptive responses of, 72–74
relationships healing power and, 70–71, 76–78, 85
sense of family, 73–74
sexual abuse, 60
siege ending in death belief, 67, 73–74
stress response in, 79–80
structure and nurturing for, 75, 76
daydreaming, 42
DCFS. See Department of Children and Family Services
decision-making
brain development and, 130–131, 269
brain rhythm-keeping regions and, 157
cognitive therapy for, 217
as extreme stressors response, 54–55
modern society problems of, 262–263
past events ruminating increase of, 172
developmental trauma
DSM and, 286
legal system use of research in, 324
predictive outcomes of, 328
problems related to, 311
research in, 286–287
systematic evaluation for history of, 326–327
in Tina, 20–21
violent crime convictions and, 325
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 5–6
childhood adversity correlation with disorders, 285
classification problems, 285
descriptive problem of, 286
developmental trauma category lack, 286
diagnostic labels, 34
Insel on descriptive problems with, 286
NMT move away from framework of, 287
dissociation
attention problems and, 51–52
brain response of, 50–51
Collaborative Problem Solving engagement and, 347
Davidian children and, 80
as extreme stressors response, 51–52
fainting and, 213–214
hyper-arousal response and, 50–52
hypnotic trances as, 50
opioid-blocking drugs and, 212
opioids release during, 50, 203, 204, 212, 214
response, brainstem and, 50
self-hypnosis for, 219
self-mutilation as, 202–203, 206
in state dependent learning, 299
Ted story and, 212–216
as trauma response, 50–52, 202–203, 207, 209
dissociative continuum, 296 (fig.)
dopamine
amphetamine and, 35
cocaine, heroin and, 39, 211–212
DSM. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Duane* (boyfriend of Jill), 202, 205, 206, 223
early childhood neglect
leading to malice, for Leon, 107–108, 131–132
of Leon, 120–121
neurosequential treatment approach mitigation of, 169
education, 324
child development, 149, 168, 266
need for infant and child, 266
empathy, 121
autistic children, 126–127
holding therapy failure to evoke, 181
inability to feel, 110–113, 127
schools and development of, 254–258, 268
sociopaths and, 123–124, 127, 134
underdeveloped capacity for, 98–99, 115
endorphins, 203
enkephalins, 203
environment
child social, 168
complex conditions affected by, 235
relationship building in schools, 267–268
schizophrenia influenced by, 235
schools safe and comfortable, 313–314
sociopaths as product of, 124
epigenetics, 341
epinephrine (adrenaline)
brain activity and, 35
“An Essay on Criticism” (Pope), 277
evangelical Christianity, 177–178
evolution
cooperation and, 270–271
extended families and, 265–266
infant sleeping patterns and, 266
living in small groups and, 261–262
extended families, 261–262, 265–266
fainting, dissociation and, 213–214
family
Davidian children sense of, 73–74
importance of extended, 261–262, 265–266
multigenerational sexual and physical abuse, 176–177
respectful home environment creation, 267
trauma education and support for, 80
fashion sense, 164
fear response
Davidian children and, 59–60, 67–68
Koresh ruling by, 59–60
in limbic system, 49
ostracism from, 253
SRA allegations from, 175, 195–197
unhealthy touch, 263–264
fight or flight response, 20, 35, 49, 66, 156, 315
behaviorism in schools and, 344–345
Collaborative Problem Solving engagement and, 347
first impressions, 139
FLDS. See Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
foster and adoptive parents
NMC and, 290
secondary traumatic stress and, 339
sensitization of, 311
A Home Within for enduring relationships, 338
Justin in, 146–147
medications for children in, 320–321
NMC for, 290
RAD diagnosis and, 229
schools lack of support, 320, 343
Title IV-E funding for, 318–319
trauma education lacking, 319–320
of Vernon children, 174–176
Frank* (brother of Leon), 116, 119
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS), 332
genetics
behavior explained by, 115, 130
early neglect recovery and, 166
intelligence, 166–167
schizophrenia role, 235
glia, 17
Goldilocks effect, brain neural networks and, 300
Goth youth culture, 210
Group IQ, of organizations, 301
groups
evolution from living in small, 261–262
relationships importance within, 314
state-dependent response, 315
growth hormone, 99–100
guardian-ad-litem, 29
habituation, 39–40, 46, 54, 55
healing communities, 327
breakdown of, 261
building in modern world, 276
child development education in, 266
children taking risks in, 268–269
competition focus and, 271, 272
cooperation and survival in, 270–271
depression in modern society and, 262–263
extended families and, 260–261, 265–266
infant sleep patterns and, 266
new policies for, 276
power of loving relationships in, 258, 260, 273–274
respectful home environment in, 267
school shootings and, 272
troubled children loving and consistent care, 260
unhealthy touch fears, 263–264
violence and, 272
Hearst, Patty, 181
heart rates, 66
brainstem and maternal, 157
monitoring, in neurosequential treatment, 155, 189–190
heroin, dopamine and, 39, 211–212
hierarchy, of brain function, 295, 295 (fig.)
Hill, Helen Karr*, 176
holding therapy
Brian experience with, 185–186
children lying encouragement, 184
inflicting children with, 179–180
negative memories focus, 182–183
RAD and, 230
Vernon, A., experience and, 193–194
violence and, 173–174, 179–180, 191–192
hormones, 157–158
humankind, humanity compared to, xxviii
hyperactivity, trauma-related, 52
hyper-arousal response
brain response to threat and, 36, 48–49, 69
dissociation during trauma and, 50–52
heart rates and, 190
stimulant drugs replicating, 211–212, 215
hypnotic trances, as dissociation, 50
I am Your Child Foundation, 168
immature adolescent cortex, 324
implementation component, of NMT, 281
implementation science, NMT and, 291
infancy, 154
attachment importance, 90
brain and stress during, xxiii, 15
Connor neglect during, 150–152
consistent caregivers importance, 265
physical stimulation and sense of pleasure, 90–91, 96
self-soothing capacity, 97, 246
sleeping patterns during, 266
infantile anorexia, 88–89
institutions
children at risk for RAD, 229
failure to thrive in, 95
smaller head sizes and brains in, 141, 243
intelligence, recovery and, 166–167
intelligence quotient (IQ), 113, 296, 301
international community, of NMC, 290
IQ. See intelligence quotient
It Takes a Village program, 168
James (patient), 338–343
courage and determination of, 227–228
help sought by, 233–234
likeable personality of, 230
mother trying to kill, 231–233
mother with MBPS, 235–236
RAD symptoms of, 229–230
Jane* (mother of Connor)
background of, 149
massage therapy and, 154–155
neglectful babysitter hired by, 150–151
therapy support and, 154–155, 159–160
Jason* (father of Peter)
parenting challenges, 247–248, 251
as remarkable parent, 245–246, 248
Jill* (mother of Amber), 199–201
Amber sexual abuse told by, 202
Justin (patient), 321–330
caged early life of, 140–142
caged hospitalization of, 138
deprivation of, xxvii
developmental delays of, 141
in foster care, 146–147
neglect affects on, 141–142
structuring experience for, 145
Koresh, David, 314
prophecies to children, 82–83
ruling by fear, 59–60
language
cortex and, 18
deprivation, 245
music and development of, 158
use-dependent development and, 92
Lappe, James
child beating by, 173–174, 187
Lappe, Marie
child beating by, 173–174, 187
Laura (patient), 317–321
early childhood of, 94–96
emotional neglect by mother, 94–95
failure to thrive, 95–99
growth restriction, xxvii, 99–100, 153
lasting effects of disrupted nurturing, 95–96
Mama P.’s nurturing, 104–106
medical tests/procedures on, 87–88, 96
psychological diagnosis of, 88–89
underdeveloped empathy of, 98–99
learned helplessness, 54
Leon (patient), 321–330
butterfly vs. snowball effects and, 130–132
conduct disorder diagnosis, 122, 128
court explanation on, 133–134
early childhood aggression in, 114
early childhood neglect leading to malice, 107–108, 131–132
early childhood neglect of, 120–121
factors determining path of, 119–122, 272–273
IQ of, 113
knowledge of right from wrong, 129
learning to mimic appropriate behavior, 124–125
murders and rape by, 107, 110–112
possible RAD diagnosis, 229
previous offenses of, 114–115, 122
scoldings or punishments reactions, 121
Levine, Seymour, 15, 21, 34–35, 37–38
lie detectors, sociopaths and, 128
limbic system, 17
abnormalities in, 18
amygdala of, 68
development of, 68
fear response in, 49
function of, 18
social cue reading by, 49
locus coeruleus (blue spot), 20, 68
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
synaptic connections strengthening, 308
love
care importance and, 91–92
interdependent human contact and, 262
positive feedback loops and, 273
power of caring relationships, 258, 260, 273–274
stimulating neural networks, 91–92, 96–99
as therapy, 258
troubled children consistency requirement, 260
LTP. See Long-Term Potentiation
male
Tina twisted associations of, 24, 27–28
violence, 129–130
Mama P.* (foster mother), 99, 161, 317, 319
Laura and her mother help by, 104–106
patterned, repetitive experiences of, 103
physical nurturing given by, 102–103, 105, 147, 152
Maria* (mother of Leon), 116–121
Mark* (father of Connor), 150
massage therapy, 279
for autism, 154
for Connor, 154–156
for Peter, 251
premature infants and, 154
MBPS. See Munchausen’s by proxy syndrome
Meadow, Roy, 237
Meadow’s law, 237–238
media
children violence exposure, 270
parents setting boundaries on, 267
medical community, poly-pharmacy and, 320
medical economic model, 336
medications
clonidine, 32–33, 36, 57, 101, 215
inappropriate and harmful use of, 320–321
neuropharmacology, 20
neurosequential treatment use of, 211–212, 215, 244
for overactive response reduction, 38
OxyContin, 211
Prozac, 35
right context for, 212
stimulant hyper-arousal response, 211–212, 215
stress system calmed with, 36, 315
symptom exacerbation, 214–215
symptom side effects, 148–149
Zoloft, 35
memory, xxix
associations created by, 24–28
attachment and, 92
brain and, 24–28
coercion affecting, 181
habituation and, 55
holding therapy and negative focus of, 182–183
nature and malleability of, 173
negative focus, 183–184
psychic pus theory, 182
sensitization and tolerance in, 38, 54–55, 312
sexual abuse recovery movement, 177–179
therapists influence on, 172–173, 179
memory template
attachment for human bonds, 98
habituation, 46
overview of, 25–26
trauma and, 47–48
use-dependent development and, 69–70
mental illness
anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, OCD, 148
ASPD, 124
Asperger’s syndrome, 125–126
childhood adversity role in, 285
conduct disorder, 34, 122, 128, 129, 133, 285
depression, xxiv, 54–55, 148, 157, 172, 217, 262–263
intermittent explosive disorder, 148
legal system and, 324
pervasive developmental disorder, 148
RAD, 229–231
Merle* (mother of James), 339, 341, 342
attempts to kill James, 231–233
doctor shopping, 235
James behavior description, 228
James removed from custody of, 238–239
MBPS condition of, 235–236
mirror neurons, 97–98, 220, 231, 272, 274
moral development, xxviii
Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species (Hrdy), 265–266
motor control problems, 18
Munchausen syndrome, 236
Munchausen’s by proxy syndrome (MBPS)
difficult diagnosis of, 235
Meadow’s law and, 237–238
overview of, 235–237
SIDS and, 237
women overrepresented in, 238
National Center for Youth Law, 321
National Institute of Mental Health, Insel of, 286
National Quality Improvement Center for Adoption/Guardianship Support and Preservation, NMT rating by, 289
Native American groups, transgenerational trauma in, 342–343
neglect
brain affected by, 134, 141, 145
child psychiatry on diseases distinguished from, 235
of Connor, as infant, 150–152
Justin affected by, 141–142
Laura emotional, by mother, 94–95
relationships and recovery from, 260, 337
social development and, 168
violence influenced by, 108, 125, 134
neural networks, of brain
activation of specific, 312
developmental trauma and, 21
Goldilocks effect and, 300
intense stimulation periods in, 308
loving care stimulation of, 91–92, 96–99
memory creation of associations through, 24–28
novelty sensitivity and, 26–27, 300
patterns of experience using, 25, 26–27, 40, 145
sensitization and, 299
stress-response regulation, 20–21
use-dependent development and, 27–28
neurosciences
legal system use of, 324
opposition to, 14
simplification problems, 323
Neurosequential Model for Caregivers (NMC), 290
Neurosequential Model in Education (NME), 289–290
Neurosequential Model of Therapy (NMT)
assessments and fidelity of, 292, 326
CCE in, 340
certification in, 279–280, 287–291
clinical organizations use of, 289
Clinical Practice Tools of, 279–280, 288, 340
current function assessment component, 280–282
implementation component, 281
implementation science and, 291
research team, 292
on social connectedness timing and intensity, 328
training and capacity building projects of, 333–334
treatment planning component, 280
web-based Clinical Practice Tools, 288
Neurosequential Model Symposium, 290
neurosequential treatment approach
deprivation age treatment aim, 153–154, 243–244
early neglect damage mitigated by, 169
foundation of, 152–153
genetic factors addressed, 166–167
heart-rate monitoring in, 155, 189–190
medications use, 211–212, 215, 244
patient care staff meetings, 231
research and training focus, 227
safety atmosphere, 145, 147, 156, 170
social environment of child, 168
drugs release of, 211–212
stress involvement of, 20, 35, 128, 244
NMC. See Neurosequential Model for Caregivers
NME. See Neurosequential Model in Education
NMT. See Neurosequential Model of Therapy
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
stimulant drugs release of, 211–212
Nurse-Family Partnership, home visits of, 329–330
opioids
dissociative states release, 50, 203, 204, 212, 214
self-mutilation release, 203, 211
oppositional-defiant disorder, 34, 52
organization and function
in brain hierarchy, 295, 295 (fig.)
of cortex, 18, 69, 250, 282, 315
of limbic system, 18
schematic functioning of brain, 282
ostracism, 253
parallel play therapy, 161–165
parents (caregivers)
alloparents, 266–267
consistency importance in infancy, 265
current way of life unease, 263
disturbed, 234–235
infant’s capacity to self-soothe built by, 97
loving care importance, 91–92
Mama P. intuitive style, 100–103, 152
mirror neurons and, 97–98
NMC for, 290
parenting challenges of Peter, 247–248, 251
social development and child relationships with, 161
trauma misunderstanding by, 56
patterns of experience, 272, 310–311
brain and, 25, 26–27, 40–41, 123, 272
memory creation of, 25, 26–27, 39–40
neural networks use of, 25, 26–27, 40, 145
neurons affected by experience, 40
pleasure and comfort associated with, 91
repetition and, 39–40, 55, 91, 103, 147
tolerance developed from, 55
trauma and, 38
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), 138, 139, 145
peer relationships
Peter problems with, 252–253
schools empathy development, 254–258
schools lack of emphasis on, 267–268
social development and, 161
Peter (patient), 343–347
early childhood neglect of, 243, 244–245
early language deprivation of, 245
healthy relationships and, 257–258
infantile touching of, 241
massage therapy for, 251
parenting challenges for, 247–248, 251
peer problems of, 252–253
peers understanding and care for, 254–258
problems of, 242, 246–247, 252
regression of, 248–249
splintered development, 247
strengths of, 246
underdeveloped brain of, 243, 247
physical abuse, multigenerational, 176–177
physical body
brain growth and, 293–294, 293 (fig.)
schools today not developing, 267–268
trauma symptoms of, xxvi
physical stimulation
abuse victims need for, 93
infant sense of pleasure and, 90–91, 96
Mama P. nurturing, 102–103, 105, 147, 152
PICU. See Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
pleasure
decreased distress resulting in, 91
-mediating neural systems, 20–21, 97
nurturing touch as, 154
relationships and, 91–92, 96–97, 122, 124, 167, 229
of rewards and praise, 96, 121–122, 124, 133
poly-pharmacy, of medications, 320
positive feedback loops, 273
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
clonidine calming use, 36
depression and, 55
diagnosis of, xxiv, 34, 283–284
interventions negative effect, 76
negative memories focus harm, 183
prolonged dissociation leading to, 50
stress imprints on brain, 34–35
in Tina, 22
trauma adaptive response and, 81
veterans with, 34–36
preschool intervention programs, underfunded
bad behavior escalation, for Leon, 125
negative effects, on Leon, 124
Prozac, 35
Psamtik of Egypt (king), 245
psychic pus theory, 182
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder
RAD. See reactive attachment disorder
Ranch Apocalypse, 60, 70, 79, 314
reactive attachment disorder (RAD), 229–231
recall, trauma-related memories and, 55–56
recovered memory therapies, 177–179
Reiner, Rob, 168
relational delays and deficits, limbic system, cortex and, 18
relational health, 327
ChildTrauma Academy measures evaluation, 328
on predictive outcomes, 328
relational loss, 259–260
relationships, 98
autism indifference for, 148
children number and quality increase, 260
early life experiences and, 123
group importance, 314
healing power of, 70–71, 76–78
importance of healthy, 258, 264
pleasure and, 91–92, 96–97, 122, 124, 167, 229
power in caring relationships, 258, 260, 273–274
school allowing more time for, 267–268
sexual abuse prevention, through healthy, 264
social support system and recovery, 183, 329, 337
with therapist, 260
trauma and neglect recovery through, 260, 337
trauma-buffering effect of, 70
tribalism and, 72
repetition
by autistic children, 125–126
brain development and, 272
developmental needs of, 123
essential to recovery, 275
loving care healing power, 273–274
patterns and, 39–40, 55, 91, 103, 147
tolerance from, 55
research
in developmental trauma, 286–287, 324
social connectedness findings, 337
trauma and children simplistic, 283–284
resilience, 314 (fig.)
of children, xxiii, 37–39, 42, 261
predictability, controllability, and moderation building, 64, 312–314
tolerance building of, 309
Robert (patient), 100–103
runt syndrome, 99–100
safety
in behavior treatment interventions, 273–274
children taking risks and, 268–269
creating atmosphere of, 145, 147, 156, 170
in schools, 313–314
Sally, Mrs.*, 53
Sanctuary Model, of Bloom, 316
Sandy (patient), 309–314
clonidine and, 57
control of reenactment, 53–57, 313–314
murder of mother witnessed by, 29, 31–32, 45
progress of, 57–58
startle response in, 42
therapy begun with, 52–53
trauma defenses, 46
in witness protection program, xxvii, 52
Sara (mother of Tina), 2, 8, 11–12
Satanic cults, 174–175, 182, 184
Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA) prosecution, xxv, 330–334
children as victims of, 174–175, 178, 182, 184, 193–194
children coerced confessions of, 184–188
sexual abuse and, 176, 179, 189, 194–195
tainted investigation of, 175–176, 178, 187–189, 195–197
Vernon children confession, 174–175, 193–195
Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA) workshops, 178–179
schools
behaviorism in, 343–345
cognitive development emphasis, 267
empathy development and peer relationships, 254–258, 268
foster care support lacking by, 320, 343
NME for punishment reduction in, 290
physical body development and, 267–268
relationship building in, 267–268
safe and comfortable environment in, 313–314
shootings in, 272
zero tolerance policies in, 269
secondary traumatic stress
in child welfare system, 330, 332
for foster care families, 339
self-care, for helping adults, 315
self-hatred, sexual abuse and, 217–218
self-hypnosis, 219
self-mutilation
dissociate state produced by, 202–203, 206
opioids release during, 203, 211
overview of, 202–203
as self-medication attempt, 211
Seligman, Martin, 54
sensitivities, in state-dependent learning, 297–298
sensitization
chaotic signals production of, 55
of foster and adoptive parents, 311
stress response systems and, 39, 54, 300, 309, 311
in use-dependent development, 39
sensory input, missing to brainstem, 159
sequential engagement and processing, 303–304, 303 (fig.)
brain map as basis for, 282
serotonin, 35
sexual abuse
associations and memory template, 26, 27–28
coercive confession methods and, 188
control over, 208–209
of Davidian children, 60
developmental results of, 68–69
fantasy escapes from, 207–208, 209
in FLDS polygamist sect, 332
healthy relationships to prevent, 264
questionable therapeutic technique and, 277–278
recovered memory therapies and, 177–179
self-hatred and, 217–218
SRA and, 176, 179, 189, 194–195
Vernon children and, 176, 185, 194–195
SIDS. See Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
sleep problems
brainstem and, 18
human evolution and, 266
for Sandy, 42
snowball effect, 130–132
Snyder, Solomon, 20
social connectedness, 327
NMT on timing and intensity of, 328
research findings on, 337
social development, 18
Connor’s therapy in, 160–165
early neglect recovery, 168
parent/child relationships and, 161
peer relationships and, 161
schools undermining, 267–268
sociopaths
empathy and, 123–124, 127, 134
inadequate studies on, 322
lacking compassion, 127–128
lie detectors and, 128
as product of environment, 124
stress response systems of, 128, 134
speech. See language
SRA. See Satanic Ritual Abuse
state-dependent function, of brain
developmental window and, 299–300, 299 (fig.)
groups response and, 315
in organizations, 301–302, 301 (fig.), 317
sensitivities and, 297–298
stress response systems and, 303
threat and, 296 (fig.), 297–298
static encephalopathy, 141, 142
Stephanie (staff), 231
stimulant drugs, hyper-arousal response replication, 211–212, 215
Stockholm Syndrome, 181
stress, 314 (fig.)
advantages of moderate, 40–41
animals influenced by, xxiii, 19, 21
familiar people modulation of, 97
during infancy, brain and, xxiii, 15
learned helplessness phenomenon, 54
misguided theories of children and, xxiii
neural systems response regulation, 20–21, 97
neurotransmitters involved in, 20, 35, 128, 244
PTSD imprints on brain, 34–35
transformative impact of, 15–16
trauma compared to, 39
stress response systems, 19, 79–80, 96, 166, 270
elevated heart rate and, 66, 155, 189–190
medications calming of, 36, 315
pattern and context importance, 311
relational and pleasure-mediating neural systems and, 20–21, 97
sensitization and, 39, 54, 300, 309, 311
sequential engagement and processing, 303–304, 303 (fig.)
social cues and, 71
state-dependent learning and, 303
threat repetitive and intense activation of, 20–21, 26, 48
tolerance and, 309–310
of veterans with PTSD, 34–36
stress-related hormone systems, 15, 157–158
style and fashion sense, 164
submission behaviors, 229
Success by Six, of United Way, 168
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) deaths, 157, 237
survival, cooperation and, 270–271
Symbionese Liberation Army, 181
TCH. See Texas Children’s Hospital
Ted (patient)
dissociation of, 212–216
domestic violence witness, 213
medications results on, 214–216
stress triggers learned and handled by, 215–216
therapy results, 216–217
temperament, recovery and, 166
Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), 61
therapeutic foster care, 174, 177, 191
therapeutic interactions
density importance for, 308
fragmentation of, 336
medical economic model and, 336
new associations created by, 307
providers of, 306
questionable, 277–278
value of high-quality early, 306
therapists
memory influenced by, 172–173, 179
relationships with, 260
transference, 16
cognitive, 217–218
holding, 173–174, 179–186, 191–194, 230
love as, 258
massage, 154–156, 169, 251, 279
new associations created through, 307
parallel play, 160–165
resistance to, 9–10
threat
aggression and awareness of, 21, 69, 272
arousal continuum and, 296–298, 296 (fig.)
brain response to, 36, 48–49, 69
medications for overactive response reduction, 38
organizations response to direct, 302
state-dependent learning and, 296 (fig.), 297–298
stress response systems intense activation from, 20–21, 26, 48
trauma leading to overreaction to, 20–21
Tina (patient), xxvii, 305–309
brain chemistry problems, 36
developmental trauma in, 20–21
distorted sexual behavior of, 1–2, 27–28
DSM manual for diagnosis of, 5–6
extreme stress symptoms of, 19–21
home visit to, 11–13
impulse control improvement, 22–24
innovation gap and, 306
life and family, 1–2, 7–8, 11–12
PTSD in, 22
Sara as mother of, 2, 8, 11–12
sexual abuse of, 2, 24, 27–28, 307
twisted male associations of, 24, 27–28
Title IV-E funding, for child welfare system, 318–319
tolerance
effects of, 38–39
stress response altering process, 309–310
touch
fears about unhealthy, 263–264
human development importance, 153–154
trained intuition, 232
ADHD and conduct disorder diagnoses, 285
brain chemistry and, xxiii, 36
brain protection from, 47–49
caregivers misunderstanding of, 56
children vulnerability to, 37–38, 68
clonidine use for difficult cases, 32–33
debriefing counterproductive, 75–76
dissociative response to, 50–52, 202–203, 207, 209
dose for revisiting, 313
effective interventions immediately after, 61–62
extreme stress as, 51–52
heart-rate monitoring and, 155, 189–190
ineffective coercive methods and, 184, 244, 275–276
IQ verbal and performance scores split from, 113
misguided theories of children and, xxiii
predictability, routine, sense of control need, 64, 312–314
recovery from, 166–168, 260, 308–309, 337
relational loss, 259–260
resilience in children and, xxiii, 37–39, 42, 261
self-mutilation and, 202–203, 206, 210, 211
simplistic research on, 283–284
statistics on, xxv–xxvi
stress compared to, 39
symptoms of, xxiv
threat overreaction from, 20–21
timing importance, 284–285
transgenerational, 342–343
Trauma Assessment Team, 61–62, 63
trauma bond, 181
Trauma Recovery Program, of VAMC, 61
trauma-informed practices, 316–317
traumatology studies
classification in, 284–285
on transgenerational trauma, 342–343
tribalism, 72
U’Prichard, David, 20
use-dependent development
association and, 27–28
brain and, 69–70, 114, 247, 268, 296
dissociation, hyper-arousal and, 50
language and, 92
memory template and, 69–70
sensitization and tolerance in, 39
at specific times for different functions, 92
VAMC. See Veterans Administration Medical Center
Vernon, Annie*, 193–194
Vernon, Bette*, 176
Vernon, Bobby*, 176
Vernon, Bobby, Jr.*, 173–174, 187, 196
Vernon, Linda*, 194–195
Vernon children
coerced confessions from, 174–175, 193–195
foster care of, 174–176
sexual abuse and, 176, 185, 194–195
veterans
Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Trauma Recovery Program of, 61
violence
children media exposure and, 270
competition influence on, 272
developmental trauma and crimes of, 325
holding therapy and, 173–174, 179–180, 191–192
male gender and, 129–130
neglect leading to, 108, 125, 134
school shootings, 272
Virginia* (mother of Laura)
failure to express love to Laura, 94–95
Mama P. help, 104–106
not interacting with Laura, 89, 92–93
psychological issues of, 93–95
Waco, Texas. See Davidian children
Wilson, Kelly, 185–186, 188, 196
witness protection program, xxvii, 52
women, MBPS overrepresentation, 238
worldview
of Davidian children, 60–61, 74
loving caregivers providing, 92
Yearning for Zion (YFZ) Ranch, of FLDS, 332
Zaslow, Robert, 180
Zero to Three organization, 168
zero tolerance policies, in school, 269
Zoloft, 35