Introduction
affect at least 7 percent of all Americans: Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005, June). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. See also: Kessler, R. C., et al. (1995, December). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060.
about 40 percent of American children: Franey, K., Geffner, R., & Falconer, R. (Eds.). (2001). The Cost of Maltreatment: Who Pays? We All Do (pp. 15–37). San Diego, CA: Family Violence and Sexual Assault Institute. See also: Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006, April). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. Epub 2005, November 29.
around 872,000 of these cases were confirmed: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/ pubs/cm04/index.htm
one in eight children under the age of seventeen : Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. L. (2005, February). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10(1), 5–25.
about 27 percent of women and 16 percent of men: Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. A., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 19–28.
6 percent of mothers and 3 percent of fathers: A statistical portrait of fathers and mothers in America. (2002). (p. 24). Washington, D.C.: ChildTrends. Survey results from 1995 Gallup Survey on Disciplining Children in America.
up to ten million American children: Strauss, M. A. (1991). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for lifelong problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. [Paper presented at the Ross Roundtable on “Children and Violence.”] Washington, D.C.
4 percent of American children under the age of fifteen: Strauss, M. A. (1991). Ibid.
some 800,000 children will spend time in foster care: Child Welfare League of America. (2005, June 5). Statement of the Child Welfare League of America for House Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Ways and Means for the hearing on federal foster care financing. http://www.cwla.org/advocacy/fostercare050609.htm
more than eight million American children suffer from serious, diagnosable, trauma-related psychiatric problems: Perry, B. D. & Pollard, R. (1998, January). Homeostasis, Stress, Trauma and Adaptation. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, (7)1, 33–51.
one-third of children who are abused: Perry, B. D. & Azad, I. (1999, Aug). Posttraumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 11(4), 310–316.
Chapter One: Tina’s World
eighty-six billion neurons (brain cells), and for each: von Bartheld, C. S., Bahney, J. and Herculano-Houzel, S. (2016), The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting. J. Comp. Neurol., 524: 3865–3895.
respond properly to stress for a lifetime: Perry, B. D., Stolk, J. M., Vantini, G., Guchhait, R. B., & U’Prichard, D. C. (1983). Strain differences in rat brain epinephrine synthesis and alpha-adrenergic receptor number: Apparent in vivo regulation of brain alphaadrenergic receptors by epinephrine. Science, 221, 1297–1299.
change a rat’s stress response forever: Reviewed in Levine, S. (2005, November). Developmental determinants of sensitivity and resistance to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 939–946. See also generally: Terr, L. (1990). Too scared to cry: How trauma affects children and ultimately, us all. New York: Basic Books.
Chapter Two: For Your Own Good
stress-response systems in vets with PTSD: Perry, B. D., Giller, E. L., & Southwick, S. (1987). Altered platelet alpha2-adrenergic binding sites in post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(11), 1511–1512; Perry, B. D., Southwick, S. W., Yehuda, R., & Giller, E. L. (1990). Adrenergic receptor regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder. In Ebi . L. Giller, (Ed.), Advances in psychiatry: Biological assessment and treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (pp. 87–115). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press; Giller, E. L., Perry, B. D., Southwick, S. M., Yehuda, R., Wahby, V., Kosten, T. R., & Mason, J. W. (1990). Psychoendocrinology of posttraumatic stress disorder. In M. E. Wolf & A. D. Mosnaim (Eds.), PTSD: Biological mechanisms and clinical aspects (pp. 158–170). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
improve their schoolwork and interpersonal skills: Perry, B. D. (1994). Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: Post traumatic stress disorders in children. In M. Murburg (Ed.), Catecholamine function in post traumatic stress disorder: Emerging concepts (pp. 253–276). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
pattern of drug use is different: Kleven, M., Perry, B. D., Woolverton, W., & Seiden, L. (1990). Effects of repeated injections of cocaine on D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in rat brain. Brain Research, 532, 265–270; Farfel, G., Kleven, M. S., Woolverton, W. L., Seiden, L. S., & Perry, B. D. (1992). Effects of repeated injections of cocaine on catecholamine receptor binding sites, dopamine transporter binding sites and behavior in Rhesus monkeys. Brain Res, 578, 235–243.
Chapter Three: Stairway to Heaven
violated to those of hunted animals: Breault, M. & King, M. (1993). Inside the cult: a member’s chilling, exclusive account of madness and depravity in David Koresh’s compound. New York: Signet Nonfiction.
post-traumatic stress disorder following such “treatment.”: Rose, S., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Wessely, S. (2002). Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2.
in response to the event itself: Perry, B. D., Pollard, R., Blakely, T., Baker, W., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation and ‘use-dependent’ development of the brain: How “states” become “traits.’” Infant Mental Health Journal, 16(4), 271–291.
Chapter Four: Skin Hunger
sight and depth perception is lost: Hubel D. H. and Wiesel, T. N. (1959, October). Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat’s striate cortex. Journal of Physiology, 148, 574–591.
speak or understand speech normally: Rymer, R. (1994). Genie: A scientific tragedy. New York: Harper Paperbacks.
language he does learn with an accent: Pinker, S. (2000). The language instinct: How the mind creates language (pp. 295–296). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
by age two—an extraordinarily high death rate: Iwaniec, D. (2004). Children who fail to thrive: A practice guide. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
reduced levels of growth hormone: Stanhope, R., Wilks, Z., Hamill, G. (1994, November-December). Failure to grow: Lack of food or lack of love? Professional Care of the Mother and Child, 4(8), 234–7; Albanese, A., Hamill, G., Jones, J., Skuse, D., Matthews, D. R., Stanhope, R. (1994, May). Reversibility of physiological growth hormone secretion in children with psychosocial dwarfism. Clinical Endocrinology, (Oxf), 40(5), 687–692.
Chapter Five: The Coldest Heart
often seen in abused or traumatized children: Perry, B. D. (1999). Memories of fear: How the brain stores and retrieves physiologic states, feelings, behaviors and thoughts from traumatic events. In J. M. Goodwin and R. Attias (Eds.), Splintered reflections: Images of the body in trauma (pp. 26–47). New York: Basic Books; Perry, B. D. (2001). The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood. In D. Schetky & E. P. Benedek (Eds.), Textbook of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry (pp. 221–238). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
proportion rises to over 35 percent: Yeudall, L. T. (1977). Neuropsychological assessment of forensic disorder. Canada’s Mental Health, 25, 7–15; Gillen, R. & Hesselbrock, V. (1992, April). Cognitive functioning, ASP, and family history of alcoholism in young men at risk for alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 16(2), 206.
tends to escalate bad behavior: Dishion, T. J.; McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist, 54(9), 755–764; Poulin, F.; Dishion, T. J. & Burraston, B. (2001). 3-year iatrogenic effects associated with aggregating high-risk adolescents in cognitive-behavioral preventive interventions. Applied Development Science, 5(4), 214–224.
frontal cortex, just over the eyes: Frith, U. (1998). What autism teaches us about communication. Logopedics, Phoniatrics Vocology, 23, 51–58.
(which can be measured in a saliva test): Susman, E. J. (2006). Psychobiology of persistent antisocial behavior: Stress, early vulnerabilities and the attenuation hypothesis. Neuroscience Biobehavior Review, 30(3), 376–89. Loney, B. R., Butler, M. A., Lima, E. N., Counts, C. A., & Eckel, L. A. (2006, January). The relation between salivary cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems in an adolescent non-referred sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 47(1), 30–36. van Bokhoven, I., Van Goozen, S. H., van Engeland, H., Schaal, B., Arseneault, L., Seguin, J. R., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2005, August). Salivary cortisol and aggression in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. Journal of Neural Transmission, 112(8), 1083–1096.
anything except extreme stimulation: Unis, A. S., Cook, E. H., Vincent, J. G., Gjerde, D. K., Perry, B. D., & Mitchell, J. (1997). Peripheral serotonergic measures correlate with aggression and impulsivity in juvenile offenders. Biological Psychiatry, (42)7, 553–560; Perry, B. D. (1997). Incubated in terror: Neurodevelopmental factors in the ‘cycle of violence.’ In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Children in a violent society (pp. 124–148). New York: Guilford Press.
the brain alone has 86 billion nerve cells (and supporting glial cells for each of those): von Bartheld, C. S., Bahney, J. and Herculano-Houzel, S. (2016), The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting. J. Comp. Neurol., 524: 3865–3895.
by the time they reach the pros: Dubner, S. J. and Levitt, S. D. (2006, May 7). A star is made. New York Times Magazine.
Chapter Six: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog
services for maltreated and traumatized children: Perry, B. D. (2001). The neuroarcheology of childhood maltreatment: The neurodevelopmental costs of adverse childhood events. In K. Franey, R. Geffner, & R. Falconer (Eds.), The Cost of Maltreatment: Who Pays? We All Do (pp. 15–37). San Diego, CA: Family Violence and Sexual Assault Institute; Perry, B. D. (2006). Applying principles of neuroscience to clinical work with traumatized and maltreated children: The neurosequential model of therapeutics. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 27–52). New York: The Guilford Press.
neglect far, far worse than what had been done to Leon: Research supporting treatment used in neurosequential approach: Jones, N. A. & Field, T. (1999, Fall). Massage and music therapies attenuate frontal EEG asymmetry in depressed adolescents. Adolescence, 34(135), 529–534; Field, T. (1998, March-April). Maternal depression effects on infants and early interventions. Preventive Medicine, 27(2), 200–203; Diego, M. A., Field, T., Hart, S., Hernandez-Reif, M., Jones, N., Cullen, C., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (2002). Facial expressions and EEG in infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms. Depress Anxiety, 15(1), 10–17; Field, T., Martinez, A., Nawrocki, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N. A., Schanberg, S. (1998, Spring). Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Adolescence, 33(129), 109–116; Khilnani, S., Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., & Schanberg, S. (2003, Winter). Massage therapy improves mood and behavior of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adolescence, 38(152), 623–638.
visibly smaller head sizes and tinier brains: Perry, B. D. (2002). Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: What childhood neglect tells us about nature and nurture. Brain and Mind, 3, 79–100; Johnson, R., Browne, K., & HamiltonGiachritsis, C. (2006, January). Young children in institutional care at risk of harm. Trauma Violence Abuse, (1), 34–60; Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006, Apr). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. Epub 2005, November 29. Additional background on effects of neglect: Smith, M. G. & Fong, R. (2004). The children of neglect: When no one cares. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
compared to sight, smell, taste, and hearing: Weiss, S. J. (2005). Haptic perception and the psychosocial functioning of preterm, low birth weight infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 28, 329–359.
almost a week earlier on average: Field, T. (2002, December). Preterm infant massage therapy studies: an American approach. Seminars in Neonatology, 7(6), 487–494.
stress hormones released by the brain: Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C. (2005, October). Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(10), 1397–1413.
escalate the parents’ commitment to therapy: Cullen-Powell, L. A., Barlow, J. H., Cushway, D. (2005, December). Exploring a massage intervention for parents and their children with autism: The implications for bonding and attachment. Journal of Child Health Care, 9(4), 245–255.
important role in infant development: Mithen, S. (2005). The singing neanderthals: The origins of music, language, mind and body. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
genetics and intrauterine environment is one: Cowen, E. L., Wyman, P. A., & Work, W. C. (1996, Winter). Resilience in highly stressed urban children: Concepts and findings. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 73(2), 267–284.
Intelligence is another critical factor: Masten, A. S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999, Winter). Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11(1), 143–169.
Chapter Seven: Satanic Panic
seeing someone possessed by a demon: Elizabeth Loftus, award for distinguished scientific applications of psychology. (2003, November). American Psychologist, 58(11), 864–867; Loftus, E. F. (2005, July-August). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning and Memory, 12(4), 361–366. Epub 2005, July 18.
until the back of his head “was mushy.”: Loe, V. (1993, December 3). Satanic Cult Scare Takes Massive Human Toll on Texas Town. Dallas Morning News.
one in four adult residents cannot read: Wade, R. M. (1999). When Satan Came to Texas. The Skeptic, 7(4).
events they recall are literally true: Loftus, E. (2003, November). Make believe memories. American Psychologist; Pendergrast, M. (1996). Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives. Vermont: Upper Access Books; Ofshe, R. J. (1992, July). Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: False confession due to dissociative state; mis-identified multiple personality and the Satanic cult hypothesis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 40(3), 125–156. Ofshe, R. and Watters, E. (1996). Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy and Sexual Hysteria. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
deaths associated with their “therapy.”: Bowers, K. (2000, July 27). Suffer the children. Westword (New Times).
the devil would get us.: Wade, R. M. (1999). When Satan came to Texas. The Skeptic, 7(4).
ruminating on past negative events: Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., Fredrickson, B. L. (1993, February). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 20–28; Lyubomirsky, S. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993, August). Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 339–349.
financially, and in every other way: Vaughn, V. (1995, February). Witch hunt. North Texas Skeptic.
Chapter Eight: The Raven
sense of distance from one’s troubles: Perry, B. D. (1994). Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: Post traumatic stress disorders in children. In M. Murburg (Ed.), Catecholamine function in post traumatic stress disorder: Emerging concepts (pp. 253–276). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
known as endorphins and enkephalins: van der Kolk, B., Greenberg, M., Boyd, H., & Krystal, J. (1985, March). Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress. Biological Psychiatry, 20(3), 314–325.
becoming a Goth didn’t increase self-harm: Young, R., Sweeting, H., & West, P. (2006, April 13). Prevalence of deliberate self harm and attempted suicide within contemporary Goth youth subculture: Longitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal.
Research on addicts and alcoholics: Felitti, V. J. (2003, October). The origins of addiction: Evidence from the adverse childhood experiences study. Prax Kinderpsychology and Kinderpsychiatry, 52(8), 547–559; Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003, March). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics, 111(3), 564–572; Clark, H. W., Masson, C. L., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., & Sees, K. L. (2001, March). Violent traumatic events and drug abuse severity. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20(2), 121–127.
physical abuse and neglect, and other trauma: Dansky, B. S., Byrne, C. A., & Brady, K. T. (1999, May). Intimate violence and post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with cocaine dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(2), 257–268; Palacios, W. R., Urmann, C. F., Newel, R., & Hamilton, N. (1999, July-September). Developing a sociological framework for dually diagnosed women. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17(1–2), 91–102.
show changes during addiction: Daglish, M. R., Weinstein, A., Malizia, A. L., Wilson, S., Melichar, J. K., Lingford-Hughes, A., Myles, J. S., Grasby, P., & Nutt, D. J. (2003, December). Functional connectivity analysis of the neural circuits of opiate craving: “More” rather than “different”? Neuroimage, 20(4); Carey, P. D., Warwick, J., Niehaus, D. J., van der Linden, G., van Heerden, B. B., Harvey, B. H., Seedat, S., Stein, D. J. (2004, October 14). Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of anxiety disorders before and after treatment with citalopram. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 30; Carlezon, W. A. Jr., Duman, R. S., & Nestler, E. J. (2005, August). The many faces of CREB. Trends in Neuroscience, 28(8), 436–445; Astur, R. S., St. Germain, S. A., Tolin, D., Ford, J., Russell, D., & Stevens, M. (2006, April). Hippocampus function predicts severity of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 9(2), 234–240.
found relief in dissociation: Winchel, R. M. & Stanley, M. (1991, March). Self-injurious behavior: A review of the behavior and biology of self-mutilation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(3), 306–317.
do not find them overwhelmingly blissful: Conley, K. M., Toledano, A. Y., Apfelbaum, J. L., & Zacny, J. P. (1997). The modulating effects of a cold water stimulus on opioid effects in volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 131, 313–320.
Chapter Nine: “Mom Is Lying. Mom Is Hurting Me. Please Call the Police.”
Please call the police: Hanson, E. (2000, April 14). Jurors are asked to terminate parental rights in abuse case. Houston Chronicle.
be affected by the environment: Read, J., Perry, B. D., Moskowitz, A., & Connolly, J. (2001). The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: A traumagenic neurodevelopmental model. Psychiatry, 64(4), 319–345; Anda, R. F., Felitti, R. F., Walker, J., Whitfield, C., Bremner, D. J., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. G. (2006). The enduring effects of childhood abuse and related experiences: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatric and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186.
ultimately convicted of the murders: Talan, J. & Firstman, R. (1998). The death of innocents: A true story of murder, medicine, and high-stake science. New York: Bantam.
killed eight of the babies: Southall, D. P., Plunkett, M. C., Banks, M. W., Falkov, A. F., & Samuels, M. P. (1997, November). Covert video recordings of life-threatening child abuse: Lessons for child protection. Pediatrics, 100(5), 735–760.
murder until proved otherwise: Dyer, O. (2004, January 3). Meadow faces GMC over evidence given in child death cases. British Medical Journal, 328(7430), 9.
convictions have already been overturned: UK Health Minister orders review of 285 cot death murders. (2004, January 20). Medical News Today; Sally Clark Doctor wins GMC Case. (2006, February 17). BBC News.
unneeded and painful medical procedures: Schreier, H. (1993). Hurting for love: Munchausen by proxy syndrome (p. 25). New York: Guilford Press.
Chapter Ten: The Kindness of Children
brain-related functional problems: Perry, B. D. (2002). Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: What childhood neglect tells us about nature and nurture. Brain and Mind, 3, 79–100; Perry, B. D. & Pollard, D. (1997). Altered brain development following global neglect in early childhood. Society For Neuroscience, [Proceedings from Annual Meeting] New Orleans.
Chapter Eleven: Healing Communities
the number was just five: Burguiere, A. & Klapisch-Zuber, C., et. al. (Eds.) (1996). A history of the family, volume I: Distant worlds, ancient worlds and A history of the family, volume II: The impact of modernity. Boston: Harvard University Press.
26 percent of Americans live alone: Morrow, J. A (2003, November 1). Place for one. American Demographics.
had an episode of serious depression: Klerman, G. L. & Weissman, M. M. (1989, April 21). Increasing rates of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association. 261(15), 2229–2235.
factor of ten in recent decades: Burke, K. C., Burke, J. D. Jr., Rae, D. S., & Regier, D. A. (1991, September). Comparing age at onset of major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in five US community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(9), 789–795.
from a grandparent, can make: Else, L. (2006, April 8). Meet the Alloparents. New Scientist.
by the time she turns eighteen: American Psychiatric Association. (1998). Psychiatric effects of media violence. APA Online.
Chapter Twelve: A Picture, Not a Label
For example, a retrospective study in a representative sample of 9,282 adults: McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) III: Associations with functional impairment related to DSM-IV disorders. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 847–859. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991115
As the former head of the National Institute of Mental Health, Tom Insel, once put it: Szalavitz, M. Mental Health Researchers Reject Psychiatry’s New Diagnostic ‘Bible.’ TIME online, May 7, 2013. Accessed 2/24/17 at http://healthland.time.com/2013/05/07/as-psychiatry-introduces-dsm-5-research-abandons-it/
As Insel wrote: Insel, T.R. Transforming Diagnosis. Blog of the National Institute on Mental Health. April 29, 2013. Accessed 2/24/17 at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml
Chapter Commentary
For every one dollar invested in high quality early childhood programs like preschool and support for new parents Perry, B.D. & Jackson, A. (2014) Long and winding road: From neuroscience to policy, program and practice Insight: Victorian Council of Social Services Journal 9: 4-8; See also: https://heckmanequation.org/
Changing the average level of activity in stress systems and their responsiveness or reactivity: Beeghly, Marjorie, Bruce D. Perry, and Edward Tronick. (2016) “Self-Regulatory Processes in Early Development.” Oxford Handbooks Online. 2016-02-11. Oxford University Press. Accessed online, 3/1/2017 at http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199739134-e-3>
The first ACE study, which looked at the current health of 17,000: Felitti, Vincent J et al. Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 14, Issue 4, 245-258. See also: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/about.html and www.acestudy.org
In 1984, there were 102,100 children in “out of home” or substitute care—in other: Quality Improvement Center for Adoption and Guardianship Support and Preservation. “Introduction To The Qic-Ag Permanency Continuum Framework,” p.6. Accessed online 3/1/2017 at http://qic-ag.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SFC-QICAG-00-Introduction1.pdf
children in foster care has been so dramatic that the Government Accountability Office has issued: Kutz, G.D. “Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services, and International Security, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate: Foster Children: HHS Guidance Could Help States Improve Oversight of Psychotropic Prescriptions.” December 1, 2011. Accessed online 3/1/2017 at http://www.gao.gov/assets/590/586570.pdf
an excellent example can be seen in the online series from the Mercury News by Karen de Sa): De Sa, K. “Drugging Our Kids.” San Jose Mercury News, August 24, 2014. Accessed online on 3/1/2017 at http://extras.mercurynews.com/druggedkids/
As Annette Jackson and I wrote in 2014: Perry, B.D. & Jackson, A. (2014) Long and winding road: From neuroscience to policy, program and practice Insight: Victorian Council of Social Services Journal 9: 4-8
became so pervasive that Joseph LeDoux: LeDoux, J.E. “The Amygdala Is NOT the Brain’s Fear Center.” Psychology Today Blogs, 8/10/2015. Accessed 3/1/2017 at https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/i-got-mind-tell-you/201508/the-amygdala-is-not-the-brains-fear-center
In recent landmark cases, including two Supreme Court cases: Graham V. Florida, 130 Supreme Court. 2011. Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. Supreme Court. 2013.
The ChildTrauma Academy has been involved in educating: Perry, B.D., Griffin, G., Davis, G., Perry, J.A. & Perry, R.D. (2017) The impact of neglect, trauma and maltreatment on neurodevelopment: Implications for the juvenile justice system in The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience (Anthony R. Beech, Adam J. Carter, Ruth E. Mann & Pia Rotshtein Eds.) John Wiley & Sons Ltd (London) See also: Griffin, G., E.J. Germain, and R.G. Wilkerson. 2012. “Using a Trauma-Informed Approach in Juvenile Justice Institutions.” Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma 5: 271-283.
a remarkably effective organization called A Home Within, founded by Dr. Toni Heineman: Toni Heineman, June Madsen Clausen, Saralyn C. Ruff, Wendy Von Wiederhold, Psychoanalytic Social Work, 2012. For as long as it takes: Relationship-based play therapy for children in foster care. See also: Ruff, S. C., Aguilar, R., & Clausen, J. M. (2016). An exploratory study of mental health interventions with infants and young children in foster care. Journal of Family Social Work. doi:10.1080/10522158.2016.1181128
one common example is the “point and level” system often used in residential programs: Mohr, W. K., A. Martin, J. N. Olson, A. J. Pumariega, and N. Branca. 2009. “Beyond Point and Level Systems: Moving Toward Child-centered Programming.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 79: 8-18. Accessed December 29, 2014. doi: 10.1037/a0015375
CPS has been around for over twenty years and incorporates the key principles we teach in the NMT: Pollastri, A., Epstein, L., Heath, G., and Ablon, J., 2013. The Collaborative Problem Solving Approach: Outcomes Across Settings. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, v. 21, p. 188-195.