The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abandonment, 140, 141, 150, 179, 301, 304, 327, 340, 350
Abilify, 37, 101, 226
ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) study, 85, 144–48, 156, 347, 350–51
acetylcholine, 266
acupressure, 264–65, 410n–11n
acupuncture, 231, 410n–11n
addiction, see substance abuse
addictive behaviors, 288–89
see also specific behaviors
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), 107, 136, 150, 310, 322
adolescent behavior problems, child-caregiver relationship as predictor of, 160–61
adrenaline, 46, 61, 77, 176, 225
Aeschylus, 332
Afghanistan War:
deaths in, 348
veterans of, 222–23, 229, 332
agency, sense of, 95–98, 331, 355
as lacking in childhood trauma survivors, 113
Ainsworth, Mary, 115
Ajax (Sophocles), 332
alcoholism, 146
alexithymia, 98–99, 247, 272–73, 291, 319
All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), 171, 186
alpha-theta training, 321, 326
alpha waves, 314–15, 321, 326, 417n
American Academy of Pediatrics, 348
American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP), 29, 33
American Counseling Association, 165, 393n
American Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 140, 164
American Psychiatric Association (APA):
developmental trauma disorder diagnosis rejected by, 149, 158–59, 166
PTSD recognized by, 19
see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
American Psychological Association, 165, 393n
amnesia, 179, 183
dissociative, 190
see also repressed memory
amygdala, 33, 35, 42, 68–69, 301
balance between MPFC and, 62–64
fight/flight response and, 60–61, 61, 247, 265, 408n
mindfulness and, 209–10
Anda, Robert, 144, 148
androstenedione, 163
anesthesia awareness, 196–99
Angell, Marcia, 374n–75n
Angelou, Maya, 356
animals, in trauma therapy, 80, 150–51, 213
anorexia nervosa, 98–99
anterior cingulate, 91, 91, 254, 376n, 387n
Anthony (trauma survivor), 150
anticonvulsant drugs, 225
antidepressants, 35, 37, 136, 146, 225
see also specific drugs
antipsychotic drugs, 27–29, 101, 136, 224, 225–27
children and, 37–38, 226
PTSD and, 226–27
see also specific drugs
anxiety, 150
ARC (attachment, self-regulation, competency) model, 401n
Archimedes, 92
arousal, 56, 107, 153, 165
flashbacks and, 42–43, 196–97
in infants, 84, 113, 121, 161
memory and, 175–76
neurofeedback and, 326
PTSD and, 157, 326
regulation of, 77–79, 113, 160, 161, 205–8
sexual, 94, 108
SNS and, 77
soothing and, 113
yoga and, 270
see also threat, hypersensitivity to
art, trauma recovery and, 242–43
asanas, 270, 272
Assault, The (film), 375
athletics, 349, 355
Ativan, 225
attachment, 109–11, 113, 128–29, 210, 213, 318, 401n
anxious (ambivalent), 116, 117
avoidant, 116, 117
as basic instinct, 115
ongoing need for, 114–15
resilience and, 161
in rhesus monkeys, 153–54
secure, 115–16, 117, 154–55
attachment, disorganized, 117, 166, 381n
long-term effects of, 119–21
psychiatric and physiological problems from, 118
socioeconomic stress and, 117–18
trauma and, 118–19
traumatized parents as contributors to, 118
attachment disorder, 282
attention deficit disorder (ADD), 151
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 107, 136, 150
attractors, 32
attunement, emotional, 111–14, 117, 118, 122, 161, 213, 215, 354
lack of, dissociation and, 121–22
in relationships, 210
Auden, W. H., 125
Auerhahn, Nanette C., 372n
Auschwitz concentration camp, 195
autobiographical self, 236
autoimmune disease, 291–92
Automatisme psychologique, L’ (Janet), 178
autonomic nervous system (ANS), 60, 63–64, 77, 80, 225, 266–67
balance (proprioceptive) system, 247
Baltimore, Md., home-visitation program in, 167
basal ganglia, 254
Bastiaans, Jan, 223
Beebe, Beatrice, 109, 118
Beecher, Henry K., 32–33
befriending one’s body, 96, 100–101, 206–19, 206, 273, 274–75, 354
benzodiazepines, 225, 227
Berger, Hans, 310
beta waves, 314, 322, 417n
binge eating, 120
Bion, Wilfred, 109
bipolar disorder, 136, 151, 226
Blaustein, Margaret, 351, 401n
Bleuler, Eugen, 24–25
blood pressure, 46, 61, 66
body:
befriending of, 96, 100–101, 206–19, 206, 273, 274–75, 354
islands of safety in, 245, 275
self-awareness of, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 382n
body-brain connections, 74–86, 381n
body functions, brain stem regulation of, 56, 94–95, 266
body therapies, 3, 26, 72, 86, 89, 207–8, 215–17, 228–29, 245
see also specific therapies
borderline personality disorder (BPD), childhood trauma and, 138–41
Bowlby, John, 109–11, 114, 115, 121, 140–41, 232
brain:
bodily needs and, 55
cognitive, see rational brain
default state network (DSN) in, 90
electrophysiology of, 310–12, 328–29
left vs. right sides of, 44–45, 298
midline (“Mohawk”) structures of, 90–91, 91, 376n
old, see emotional brain
sensory information organized by, 55, 60
survival as basic job of, 55, 94
trauma and changes to, 2–3, 21, 59, 347
triune model of, 59, 64
warning systems in, 55
see also specific regions
brain scans, 21
of PTSD patients, 102, 347, 408n
of trauma survivors, 39–47, 42, 66, 68–70, 68, 71–72, 72, 82, 99–100, 319
brain stem (reptilian brain), 55–56, 59, 60, 63, 176
basic body functions regulated by, 56, 94–95, 266
freeze response generated by, 83
self-awareness and, 93–94
see also emotional brain
brain waves, 321
alpha, 315, 321, 326, 417n
beta, 314, 322, 417n
combat and, 324
delta, 320
dreaming and, 321
theta, 321, 326, 417n
of trauma survivors, 311–12, 311, 320
breathing:
ANS regulation through, 64
in fight/flight response, 61
HRV and, 267
therapeutic, 72, 131, 207, 208, 245, 268–69
in yoga (pranayama), 86, 270
Breuer, Josef, 181–82, 194, 231, 246
British General Staff, shell-shock diagnosis rejected by, 185
British Psychological Society, 165
Broca’s area, 43, 44, 45, 408n
Brodmann’s area 19, 44
Buchenwald concentration camp, 43
bulimia, 34, 98–99, 286, 287
calming and relaxation techniques, 131, 203–4
see also breathing; mindfulness; yoga
cancer, 267
Cannon, Katie, 184
caregivers:
attunement of infants and, 111–13, 117, 118
children’s loyalty to, 133, 386n
children’s relationships with, as predictor of adolescent behavior, 160–61
infants’ bonds with, 109–11, 113, 128–29
insecure attachments with, 115–16
as source of children’s distress, 116–17
traumatized, and disorganized attachment in children, 118
catatonia, 23
Catholic Church, pedophile scandals in, 171–75, 183, 190, 191
CBT, see cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
CD45 cells, 127
Celexa, 35, 254
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1, 144
Chang, C.-C., 22
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 177–78, 178, 182, 184
Chemtob, Claude, 119
childhood trauma survivors, 123–35, 351
agency, sense of, as lacking in, 113
arousal in, 161
attachment coping styles in, 114–20
attention and concentration problems in, 158, 166, 245–46, 328
borderline personality disorder and, 138–41
disorganized attachment in, 118–19, 166
dysregulation in, 158, 161, 166
high-risk behavior in, 120, 134, 147
home-visitation program for, 167
hypersensitivity to threat in, 158, 161, 310, 328
increased risk of rape and domestic abuse in, 85, 146–47
inhibition of curiosity in, 141, 350
internal world maps of, 127–30
loyalty to caregivers of, 133
misdiagnosis of, 136–48, 150, 151, 157, 226, 282
numbing in, 279
rage in, 304
relationship difficulties of, 158
safety, sense of, as lacking in, 141, 213, 301, 317
school problems of, 146, 158, 161
schools as resources for, 351–56
self-harming in, 141, 158
self-hatred in, 158, 279
sense of competence lacking in, 166, 350
social engagement and, 161
social support for, 167–68, 350
substance abuse by, 146, 151
suicidal behavior in, 141, 146
temporal lobe abnormalities in, 416n
trust as difficult for, 141, 158, 340
see also developmental trauma disorder (DTS)
childhood trauma survivors, of emotional abuse and neglect:
abandonment of, 141, 304, 327, 340
depersonalization in, 72
numbing in, 87–89
prevalence of, 20–21
psychotherapy of, 296–97
Sandy as, 97
self-harming in, 87, 88
self-respect lacking in, 304
sense of safety lacking in, 296–97
submissiveness in, 97, 218
substance abuse by, 327
suicidal behavior in, 88, 290
trust as difficult for, 150
childhood trauma survivors, of sexual abuse and family violence:
dissociation in, 132–33, 162, 172, 265, 316, 329
flashbacks of, 20, 131, 135, 172, 173
“hallucinations” in, 25
helplessness of, 131, 133–34, 211, 265, 289–90
hypersensitivity to threat in, 17, 143
of incest, see incest survivors
incoherent sense of self in, 166
intimacy as difficult for, 143
isolation of, 131
legal cases involving, 174–75, 183, 190
Lisa as, 316–18, 325, 329
loyalty to caregivers of, 386n
Maggie as, 250–51
Maria as, 300–304
Marilyn as, 123–35, 289
Mary as, 130, 277–78
nightmares of, 20, 134–35
numbing in, 124, 265–66
obesity in, 144, 147, 266
prevalence of, 1, 11, 20–21
public acknowledgment of, 189
rage in, 285
repressed memories in, 190
seizures in, 172, 174
self-blame in, 131
self-deceit in, 2, 23–24
self-harming in, 20, 25, 141, 172, 264, 316, 317
self-hatred in, 134, 143
shame in, 13–14, 67, 132, 174
substance abuse by, 327
suicidal behavior in, 141, 147, 150–51, 286, 287, 316
TAT test and, 106–7
trust as difficult for, 134
children:
abuse of, as most costly public health issue, 148, 149–50
antipsychotic drugs prescribed to, 37–38, 226
attachment in, see attachment
caregivers’ relationships with, as predictor of adolescent behavior, 160–61
internal world maps of, 109, 127, 129
loyalty to caregivers of, 133
see also infants
Children’s Clinic (MMHC), 105–9, 111, 121
Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome, The (Summit), 131, 136
China, traditional medicine in, 207
chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 22–23
chronic fatigue syndrome, 330
clonidine, 225
Clozaril, 28
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 182, 230–31, 246, 292
in treatment of PTSD, 194, 220–21
Coleman, Kevin, 336, 342, 344
collapse, see freeze response (immobilization)
combat:
brain waves and, 324
see also PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), of combat veterans
community, mental health and, 38, 213–14, 244, 331–34, 355
Community Mental Health Act (1963), 373n
competence, sense of, 166, 341
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (Freedman and Kaplan), 20, 188–89
conduct disorder, 282, 392n
conflict:
as central to theater, 335
trauma survivors’ fear of, 335
consciousness, see self
Cope, Stephen, 123, 230, 263, 272
cortical networks, local, 417n
cortisol, 30, 61, 154, 162, 223
Countway Library of Medicine, 11, 24
creativity, see imagination
Cummings, Adam, 155
cummings, e. e., 122
Cymbalta, 35, 37
Dalai Lama, 79
Damasio, Antonio, 93, 94–95, 382n
dance:
in trauma recovery, 242–43, 355
see also rhythmic movement
Darwin, Charles, 74–76, 75, 77
Daubert hearings, 174–75
Decety, Jean, 222
default state network (DSN), 90
Defense Department, U.S., 156, 224, 226–27, 332
Pharmacoeconomic Center of, 224
defense mechanisms, suspension of, in intimate relationships, 84–85
Delbo, Charlotte, 195
delta waves, 320
Dementia Praecox (Bleuler), 24–25
denial, 46, 291
Denial: A Memoir (Stern), 7
depersonalization, 71–73, 71, 99–100, 132–33, 286, 386n, 401n
depression, 136, 150, 162, 225
chemistry of, 26, 29
derealization, 401n
desensitization therapies, 46–47, 73, 220, 222–23
developmental psychopathology, 2
developmental trauma disorder (DTS; proposed), 166–68
APA’s rejection of, 149, 158–59, 166
criteria for, 158, 359–62
see also childhood trauma survivors
Dewey, Kippy, 337
diagnosis, definition of, 137–38
diagnosis, psychiatric, childhood trauma as misunderstood in, 136–48
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 29, 137
arbitrariness of, 323
childhood trauma survivors ignored by, 143
DSM-III, 29, 137, 142, 156, 190
DSM-IV, 143
DSM-5, 159, 164–66, 329, 393n
reliability issues in, 164–65
social causation ignored in, 165
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 262, 270
Diamond, Adele, 418n
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 157, 393n
dissociation, 66–68, 95, 179, 180–81, 194, 211, 247, 281, 294, 317–18, 401n
maternal misattunement and, 121–22, 286
neurofeedback and, 318
in sexual abuse survivors, 132–33, 162, 172, 265, 316, 329
dissociative amnesia, 190
dissociative identity disorder (DID), 277–78
Doerries, Bryan, 332
domestic violence, 1, 11, 23–24
deaths from, 348
increased incidence of, in survivors of childhood abuse, 85, 146–47
repressed memory and, 190
victims’ loyalty to abusers in, 133
victims’ submissiveness in, 218
dopamine, 29, 226
dorsal vagal complex (DVC), 82, 82, 83
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 68–69, 376n
dreaming, 260–61, 308, 309–10, 321
drumming, 86, 208
Duffy, Frank, 328
Dunkirk evacuation, repressed memory and, 189–90
dysfunctional thinking, 246
ecstasy (MDMA), 223–24
education system:
cutting of social engagement programs in, 349
inattention to emotional brain in, 86
as resources for childhood trauma recovery, 351–56
EEGs (electroencephalograms), 309–11, 320, 321
Effexor, 225
Ekman, Paul, 74
Eli Lilly, 34–35
El Sistema, 355
EMDR, see eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
Emerson, David, 269
emotional brain, 54, 57, 62, 63, 176, 226, 265
balance between rational brain and, 64–65, 129–30, 205, 310
befriending of, 206–19, 206, 273, 274–75
education system’s inattention to, 86
inner world map encoded in, 129
medial prefrontal cortex and, 206, 206, 236, 353
physical manifestations of trauma in, 204–5
Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT), 264–65
emotional intelligence, 354
emotions:
articulation of, 232–34
calming effect of physical activity on, 88
fear of, in trauma survivors, 335
physical expression of, 74–76, 75, 78
regulation of, see self-regulation
in therapeutic theater, 335, 344–45
vagus nerve and, 76, 78, 80–82, 81
writing and, 238–42
empathy, 58–60, 111–12, 161
endocrine system, 56
endorphins, 32
epigenetics, 152
epilepsy, 310, 315
equine therapy, 150–51, 213
Erichsen, John Eric, 189
Erickson, Milton, 254
Esalen Institute, 300
Estonia, “Singing Revolution” in, 334
Eth, Spencer, 231
executive function, 62, 323
exiles (in IFS therapy), 281–82, 289–90, 291–95
exposure therapy, 194
EMDR vs., 255–56
PTSD and, 256
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 74–76
eye contact, direct vs. averted, 102
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 47, 220, 225, 228, 231, 246, 248–62, 290, 308, 321
author’s training in, 251–53
clinical study of, 254–55
exposure therapy vs., 255–56
medication vs., 254, 261
origin of, 251
PTSD and, 248–49, 253–54, 260
sleep disorders and, 259–61
eyewitness testimony, unreliability of, 192
Fairbairn, Ronald, 109
false memories, 189, 190, 191–92
Father-Daughter Incest (Herman), 138
“Faulty Circuits” (Insel), 328
Feeling of What Happens, The (Damasio), 93
Feldenkrais, Moshe, 92
Felitti, Vincent, 143–47, 156
feminist movement, 189
fight/flight response, 30, 42, 45–47, 54, 57, 60–61, 64, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85, 96, 97, 209, 217, 218, 247, 265, 329, 408n
firefighters, in IFS therapy, 282, 288–89, 291–92
Fisher, Sebern, 312–14, 316–18, 325
Fish-Murray, Nina, 105–7
Fisler, Rita, 40
flashbacks, 8, 13, 16, 20, 40, 42, 44, 45, 66–67, 68, 68, 70, 72, 101, 135, 172, 173, 176, 193–94, 196–98, 219, 227
fluoxetine, see Prozac (fluoxetine)
Foa, Edna, 233
focus:
in trauma recovery, 203, 347–48, 355
trauma survivors’ difficulties with, 158, 166, 245–46, 311–12, 328
Fortunoff Video Archive, 195
Fosha, Diana, 105
foster-care youth, Possibility Project theater program for, 340–42
free writing, 238–39
freeze response (immobilization), 54, 54, 82–83, 82, 85, 95, 217, 218, 265
of Ute Lawrence, 65–66, 68, 71–72, 80, 82, 99–100, 219–20
see also numbing
Freud, Sigmund, 15, 27, 177, 181–82, 183, 184, 194, 219, 220, 231, 246–47
Frewen, Paul, 99
Friedman, Matthew, 159
frontal cortex, 314
frontal lobes, 57–58, 62, 176
ADHD and, 310, 320
empathy and, 58–60
imagination and, 58
PTSD and, 320
see also medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
frontal midline theta rhythm, 417n
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 39, 66
Fussell, Paul, 243–44
Galen, 77
Gazzaniga, Michael, 280–81
gene expression:
attachment and, 154–55
stress and, 152, 347
genetics:
mental illness and, 151–52
of rhesus monkeys, 153–54
Germany, treatment of shell-shock victims in, 185, 186–87
Glenhaven Academy, Van der Kolk Center at, 213, 401n
Gottman, John, 113
Grant Study of Adult Development, 175
Gray, Jeffrey, 33
Great Depression, 186
Great War in Modern Memory, The (Fussell), 243–44
Great Work of Your Life, The (Cope), 230
Greenberg, Mark, 31, 32, 33
Greenberg, Ramon, 409n
Greer, Germaine, 187
Griffin, Paul, 335, 340–42
Gross, Steve, 85
group therapy, limits of, 18
Gruzelier, John, 322
gun control, 348
Guntrip, Harry, 109
gut feelings, 96–97
Haig, Douglas, 185
Haley, Sarah, 13
Hamlin, Ed, 323
handwriting, switching in, 241–42
Harris, Bill, 155
Hartmann, Ernest, 309–10
Harvard Medical School, 40
Countway Library of Medicine at, 11, 24
Laboratory of Human Development at, 112
see also Massachusetts Mental Health Center
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 309
Head Start, 350
heart disease, 267
HeartMath, 413n
heart rate, 46, 61, 66, 72, 116
heart rate variability (HRV), 77, 266–69, 268, 271, 355, 413n
Heckman, James, 167, 347
Hedges, Chris, 31
helplessness, of trauma survivors, 131, 133–34, 211, 265, 289–90, 341
Herman, Judith, 138–41, 189, 296
hippocampus, 60, 69, 176
Hobson, Allan, 26, 259–60, 261
Holocaust, 43
Holocaust survivors, 99, 195, 223, 372n
children of, 118–19, 293–95
Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory (Langer), 195, 372n
Hölzel, Britta, 209–10, 275
homeostasis, 56
Hopper, Jim, 266
Hosseini, Khaled, 7
human connectome, 329
humans, as social animals, 110, 166, 349
Hurt Locker, The (film), 312
Huston, John, 187, 220
hypnagogic (trance) states, 117, 187, 238, 302, 305, 326
hypnosis, 187, 220
hypothalamus, 56, 60
hysteria, 177–78, 178
Freud and Breuer on, 181–82, 194
hysterical blindness, 126
imagination:
dreams and, 261
frontal lobes as seat of, 58
loss of, 17, 350
pathological, 25
psychomotor therapy and, 305
recovery of, 205
imitation, 112
immobilization, see freeze response (immobilization)
immune system, 56
stress and, 240
of trauma survivors, 126–27, 291
impulsivity, 120, 164
incest survivors:
cognitive defects in, 162
depression in, 162
dissociation in, 132–33, 162
distorted perception of safety in, 164
father-daughter, 20, 188–89, 250, 265
high-risk behavior in, 164
hypersensitivity to threat in, 163
immune systems of, 126–27
longitudinal study of, 161–64
misguided views of, 20, 188–89
numbing in, 162–63
obesity in, 144, 162
self-harming in, 162
self-hatred in, 163
troubled sexual development in, 162, 163
trust as difficult for, 163
India, traditional medicine in, 207
inescapable shock, 29–31
infants, 83–84
arousal in, 84, 113, 121, 161
attunement of caregivers and, 111–13, 117, 118
caregivers’ bonds with, 109–11, 113, 128–29
internal locus of control in, 113
sense of self in, 113
sensory experiences of, 93–94
VVC development in, 83–84
inferior medial prefrontal cortex, 376n
Insel, Thomas, 328
Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 251
insula, 91, 91, 247, 274, 274, 382
integration, of traumatic memories, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 279, 308
interdependence, 340–41
intermittent explosive disorder, 151
internal family systems (IFS) therapy, 223–24, 262, 281–95, 418n
exiles in, 281–82, 289–90, 291–95
firefighters in, 282, 288–89, 291–92
managers in, 282, 286–88, 291–92, 293
mindfulness in, 283
rheumatoid arthritis and, 291–92
Self in, 224, 283–85, 288, 289, 305
unburdening in, 295
interoception, 95–96, 413n
yoga and, 272–74
see also sensory self-awareness
interpersonal neurobiology, 2, 58–60
intimacy:
suspension of defense mechanisms in, 84–85
trauma survivors’ difficulty with, 99, 143
Iraq War:
deaths in, 348
veterans of, 220, 221, 222–23, 229, 312, 332
irritability, 10
isolation, of childhood sexual abuse survivors, 131
James, William, 89–90, 93, 184, 277, 280, 296, 309
Janet, Pierre, 54, 177, 178–79, 181, 182, 184, 194, 218, 220, 312, 396n
Jouvet, Michel, 259–60
Jung, Carl, 27, 280, 296
Justice Resource Institute, 339, 401n
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 209
Kagan, Jerome, 79, 237–38
Kaiser Permanente, 144
Kamiya, Joe, 315
Kandel, Eric, 26
Kardiner, Abram, 11, 187, 189, 371n
Katrina, Hurricane, 54
Keats, John, 248
Keegan, John, 185
Keeping Together in Time (McNeill), 333
Keller, Helen, 234–35
Kennedy, John F., 373n
Kinneburgh, Kristine, 401n
Kite Runner, The (Hosseini), 7
Klonopin, 225
Kluft, Richard, 251, 281
Koch, Robert, 164
Kradin, Richard, 126
Krantz, Anne, 243
Krystal, Henry, 99
Krystal, John, 30
Kulkosky, Paul, 326, 327
Lancet, 189
Langer, Lawrence, 195, 372n
language:
failure of, in trauma survivors, 43–44, 243–45, 352–53
limitations of, 235–37, 243–45
mental health and, 38
self-discovery and, 234–35
in trauma recovery, 230–47, 275–76
Lanius, Ruth, 66, 90, 92, 99, 102
Laub, Dori, 372n
Lawrence, T. E., 232
Lazar, Sara, 209–10, 275
learning disabilities, neurofeedback and, 325
LeDoux, Joseph, 60, 206
legal cases:
admissibility of evidence in, 174–75
involving pedophile priests, 183, 190, 191
Lejune, Camp, 270
Letters to a Young Poet (Rilke), 87
Let There Be Light (film), 187, 220
Levine, Peter, 26, 96, 217–18, 245, 408n
Lifton, Robert J., 19
limbic system, 42, 42, 56–57, 59, 60, 64
development of, 56–57
therapy for, 205–6
in trauma survivors, 59, 95, 176, 265
see also emotional brain
lithium, 27–28, 136, 225
loss, as basic human experience, 26–27
love, as basic human experience, 26–27
LSD, 223
L-tryptophan, 34
lupus erythematosus, 126
Lyons-Ruth, Karlen, 119–22
MacArthur, Douglas, 186
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 43, 230
McFarlane, Alexander, 89, 245–46, 311–12, 324–25
McGaugh, James, 176
MacLean, Paul, 64
McNeill, William H., 333
Maier, Steven, 29–30
Main, Mary, 115–17, 381n
Mamet, David, 331
managers, in IFS therapy, 282, 286–88, 291–92, 293
Mandela, Nelson, 356
map of the world, internal:
in childhood trauma survivors, 127–30
of children, 109, 127, 129
March of the Penguins (film), 96
Marlantes, Karl, 233–34
martial arts, 86, 208, 355
Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, 253
Massachusetts General Hospital, 192, 251
Neuroimaging Laboratory of, 40
Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 19–20, 22, 26, 28, 36, 142, 259–60
see also Children’s Clinic (MMHC); Trauma Clinic
massage therapy, 89, 92
Matthew, Elizabeth, 253–54
Maurice, Prince of Orange, 333–34
MDMA (ecstasy), 223–24
meaning-making, as human trait, 16–17
medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), 62, 63, 69, 91, 92, 96, 274, 274
accessing emotional brain through, 206, 206, 236, 353
balance between amygdala and, 62–64
sensory self-awareness and, 90–91, 206, 354, 376n, 408n, 417n
Medicaid, 37
medicine, non-Western, 76, 86, 207–8
meditation, 208
mindfulness, 63, 321, 400n
in yoga, 270
Meltzoff, Andrew, 112
memory:
level of arousal and, 175–76
as narrative, 176, 179, 194, 219
rewriting of, 175, 191, 236, 255–56, 398n
see also repressed memory; traumatic memory
mental health, safety as fundamental to, 351, 352
mental hospitals, population of, 28
mental illness:
disorder model of, 27
genetics and, 151–52
pharmacological revolution and, 36–38
as self-protective adaptations, 278–79
social engagement and, 78–79
methylation, 152
militarism, 186
mindfulness, 62, 63, 96, 131, 207, 208–10, 224, 225, 269, 270, 283, 292, 321
meditation for, 63, 321, 400n
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), 209
Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation, 160–61
Minsky, Marvin, 281
mirror neurons, 58–59, 78, 102, 111–12
misdiagnosis, of childhood trauma survivors, 136–48, 150, 151, 157, 226
model mugging program, 218–19, 308
monomethylhydrazine (MMH), 315
mood dysregulation disorder, 226
mood stabilizing drugs, 225
Moore, Dana, 269
MPFC, see medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
multiple personality disorder, 277–78
Murray, Henry, 105–6
Murrow, Ed, 43
muscular bonding, 333–34
music, in trauma recovery, 242–43, 349, 355
Myers, Charles Samuel, 185, 187, 189
Myers, Frederic, 189
naltrexone, 327
Nathan Cummings Foundation, 155
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 315
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 159
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN), 155–56, 157, 351, 356
National Institutes of Health, 28, 138, 207, 251, 254, 315, 329
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria rejected by, 165–66, 329
nature vs. nurture debate, 153–55, 160
Nazis, shell-shock victims as viewed by, 186–87
neocortex, see rational brain
nervous system, 76–77
autonomic (ANS), 60, 63–64, 77, 80, 225, 266–67
parasympathetic (PNS), 77, 83–84, 264, 266–67
sympathetic (SNS), 77, 82, 82, 209, 266–67
neuroception, 80
neurofeedback, 207, 312–29, 313, 418n
ADHD and, 322
alpha-theta training in, 321, 326
author’s experience of, 313–14
dissociation and, 318
epilepsy and, 315
history of, 315
learning disabilities and, 325
performance enhancement and, 322
PTSD and, 326–28
self-regulation in, 313
substance abuse and, 327–28
Trauma Center program for, 318–20
neuroimaging, see brain scans
neuroplasticity, 3, 56, 167
neuroscience, 2, 29, 39, 275, 347
neurotransmitters, 28–29
see also specific neurotransmitters
Newberger, Carolyn and Eli, 355
New England Journal of Medicine, 374n–75n
New York Times, 334, 375n
nightmares, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20, 44, 134–35, 327
Nijenhuis, Ellert, 281
1984 (Orwell), 109
non-Western medicine, 76, 86, 207–8
norepinephrine, 29
North American Association for the Study of Obesity, 144
numbing, 14–15, 67, 71–73, 84, 87–89, 92, 99, 119, 124, 162–63, 198, 205, 247, 265–66, 273, 279, 304–5, 306
see also freeze response (immobilization)
obesity, 144, 147, 162, 266
Ogden, Pat, 26, 96, 217–18
Olds, David, 167
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 74
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 150, 151, 157, 282, 392n
orbital prefrontal cortex, 91
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 332
Orr, Scott, 33
Orwell, George, 109
out-of-body experiences, 100, 132–33, 286, 386n
oxytocin, 223
Packer, Tina, 330, 335, 345–46
“Pain in Men Wounded in Battle” (Beecher), 32–33
painkillers, 146, 349
panic attacks, 97, 172
Panksepp, Jaak, 334, 387n, 398n
paralysis, episodic, 228–29
paranoid schizophrenia, 15
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), 77, 83–84, 264, 266–67
parent-child interactive therapy (PCIT), 215
parietal lobes, 91
Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, 417n
Pasteur, Louis, 164
Patton, George, 186
Pavlov, Ivan, 39
Paxil, 35, 225, 254
PBSP psychomotor therapy, see psychomotor therapy
Pearlman, Chester, 409n
pendulation, 217–18, 245, 286, 333, 408n
Peniston, Eugene, 326, 327
Pennebaker, James, 239–41, 243
performance enhancement, neurofeedback and, 322
periaqueductal gray, 102
Perry, Bruce, 56
Perry, Chris, 138, 141, 296
Pesso, Albert, 297–99
pharmaceutical industry, power of, 374n–75n
pharmacological revolution, 27–29, 36–38, 310
profit motive in, 38
phobias, 256
physical actions, completion of, in trauma survivors, 96
physical activity:
calming effect of, 88
in trauma therapy, 207–8
physiology:
self-regulation of, 38
see also body; brain
Piaget, Jean, 105
Pilates, 199
Pitman, Roger, 30, 33, 222
placebo effect, 35
plane crashes, survivors of, 80
Plutarch, 334
pneumogastric nerve, see vagus nerve
Pollak, Seth, 114
polyvagal theory, 77–78, 86
Porges, Stephen, 77–78, 80, 83, 84–85, 86
positron emission tomography (PET), 39
Possibility Project, 335, 340–42
posterior cingulate, 90–91, 91
Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory, 233
pranayama, 86, 270
prefrontal cortex, 59, 68–69, 102
executive function in, 62
see also medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
prefrontal lobes, 254
Prince, Morton, 184
Principles of Psychology, The (James), 277
prisons:
population of, 348
spending on, 168
prolactin, 223
propranolol, 225
proprioceptive (balance) system, 247
protagonists, in psychomotor therapy, 297, 300–302
proto-self, 94
Prozac (fluoxetine), 34–35, 37, 223, 262
PTSD and, 35–36, 225, 226, 254, 261
psychiatry:
drug-based approach of, 315, 349
socioeconomic factors ignored in, 348
psychoanalysis, 22, 184, 230–31
see also talk therapy (talking cure)
psychodynamic psychotherapy, 199
Psychology Today, 315
psychomotor therapy, 296–308
author’s experience in, 298–99
feeling safe in, 300, 301
protagonists in, 297, 300–302
structures in, 298–308
witnesses in, 297, 300, 301, 306
psychopharmacology, 20, 206
psychotherapy, of child neglect survivors, 296–97
psychotropic drugs, 27–29, 37–38, 101, 136, 315, 349–50
PTSD and, 254, 261, 405n
in trauma recovery, 223–27
see also specific drugs
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder):
acupuncture and acupressure in treatment of, 410n–11n
amygdala-MPFC imbalance in, 62–64
attention and concentration problems in, 311–12
brain scans of, 102, 347, 408n
brain-wave patterns in, 311, 312
CBT and, 194, 220–21
children of parents with, 118–19
diagnosis of, 136–37, 142, 150, 156–57, 188, 319
dissociation in, 66–68
EMDR in treatment of, 248–49, 253–54
exposure therapy and, 256
flashbacks in, 72, 327
in Holocaust survivors, 118–19
HRV in, 267, 268
hypersensitivity to threat in, 102, 327, 408n
language failure in, 244–45
MDMA in treatment of, 223–24
memory and, 175, 190
numbing in, 72–73, 99
psychotropic drugs and, 254, 261, 405n
reliving in, 66–68, 180–81, 325
and security of attachment to caregiver, 119
sensory self-awareness in, 89–92
social engagement and, 102
substance abuse and, 327
yoga therapy for, 207, 228–29, 268–69
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), of accident and disaster survivors, 41–43, 142–43, 348
EMDR and, 260
flashbacks in, 66–67, 68, 68, 196–98
hypersensivity to threat in, 45–47, 68
irritability and rage in, 68, 248–49
Lelog as, 177–78
numbing in, 198
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), of combat veterans, 1–2, 106, 348, 371n
antipsychotic drugs and, 226–27
attention and concentration problems of, 312
CBT and, 194, 220–21
diagnosis of, 19–21
downside of medications for, 36–37
flashbacks in, 8, 13, 16, 227
hypersensitivity to threat in, 11, 327
hypnosis and, 187, 220
in-or-out construct in, 18
irritability and rage in, 10, 14
neurofeedback and, 326–28
nightmares in, 8, 9, 14, 15, 134–35
numbing in, 14–15
pain and, 33
prevalence of, 20
Prozac and, 35–36, 226
serotonin levels in, 33–34, 36
shame in, 13
shell-shock as, 11, 184–85
sleep disorders in, 409n
stress hormone levels in, 30
suicide and, 17, 332
theater as therapy for, 331–32, 343–44
traumatic event as sole source of meaning in, 18
VA and, 19, 187–88, 222–23
yoga therapy for, 270
PTSD scores, 254, 319, 324
Puk, Gerald, 252–53
purpose, sense of, 14, 92, 233
Putnam, Frank, 30, 161–64, 251
qigong, 86, 208, 245, 264
quantitative EEG (qEEG), 323
rage, 83
displacement of, 133–34, 140
in PTSD, 10, 14, 68, 248–49
in trauma survivors, 46, 95, 99, 285, 304
“railway spine,” 177
rape, 1–2, 17, 88, 213–14
increased incidence of, in survivors of childhood abuse, 85, 146–47
prevalence of, 20–21
rational brain, 55, 57–58
balance between emotional brain and, 64–65, 129–30, 205, 310
feelings and, 205
Rauch, Scott, 40, 42
reactive attachment disorder, 150, 151
reciprocity, 79–80
reckless behavior, 120
reenacting, 31–33, 179, 180, 181, 182
relationships:
emotional brain and, 122
mental health and, 38, 55
in trauma recovery, 210–13
see also intimacy; social engagement
reliving, 66–68, 180–81
Relman, Arnold, 374n–75n
Remarque, Erich Maria, 171, 186
Rembrandt van Rijn, 215
Remembering, Repeating and Working Through (Freud), 219
REM sleep, 260–61, 309–10, 409n
repressed memory, 183, 184–99
of childhood sexual abuse survivors, 190, 397n
false memories and, 189, 190, 191–92
reliability of, 191
see also traumatic memory
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), 165–66
resilience, 105, 109, 161, 278–79, 314, 316, 351, 355, 356
Respiridol, 215
rhesus monkeys:
peer-raised, 154
personality types in, 153
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), IFS in treatment of, 291–92
rhythmic movement, in trauma therapy, 85, 207, 208, 214, 242–43, 333–34, 349
right temporal lobe, 319, 324
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 87
Risperdal, 37, 226, 227
Ritalin, 107, 136
ritual, trauma recovery and, 331–32
Rivers, W. H. R., 189
road rage, 83
role-playing, in psychomotor therapy, 298–300
Rorschach test, 15–17, 35
Roy, Alec, 154
Rozelle, Deborah, 214
Rumi, 277
Rwanda genocide, 244
safety:
a fundamental to mental health, 351, 352
as lacking in childhood trauma survivors, 141, 213, 296, 301, 351
in trauma recovery, 204, 212, 270, 275, 300, 301, 349, 353
trauma survivors’ distorted perception of, 79–80, 85, 96–97, 164, 270
Salpêtrière, La, 177–78, 178, 194
Saul, Noam, 51–53, 52, 58, 261
Saxe, Glenn, 119
Scentific American, 149
Schacter, Dan, 93
Schilder, Paul, 100
schizophrenia, 15, 22–23, 27, 29
genetics and, 151–52
schools, see education system
Schwartz, Richard, 281, 282, 283, 289, 290, 291, 418n
Science, 94–95
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 35, 36
see also Prozac (fluoxetine)
Self:
disorganized attachment and, 120
in IFS therapy, 224, 283–85, 288, 289, 305
in infants, 113
multiple aspects of, 280–95; see also internal family systems (IFS) therapy
reestablishing ownership of, 203–4, 318
in trauma survivors, 166, 233, 247
self-awareness:
autobiographical self in, 236
sensory, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 273, 354, 376n, 382n, 408n, 418n
self-blame, in childhood sexual abuse survivors, 131, 132
self-compassion, 292
self-confidence, 205, 350
self-deceit, as source of suffering, 11, 26–27
self-discovery, language and, 234–35
self-harming, 20, 25, 87, 138, 141, 158, 162, 172, 264, 266, 288–89, 316, 317
self-hatred, 134, 143, 158, 163, 279
self-leadership, 203, 280–95
self-nurture, 113
self-recognition, absence of, 105
self-regulation, 113, 158, 161, 207, 224, 300, 347–48, 354, 401
neurofeedback and, 313
yoga and, 271–72, 274, 275
Seligman, Martin, 29–30
Semrad, Elvin, 11, 26, 237
sensation seeking, 266, 272
sensorimotor therapy, 96, 214–15, 217–18
sensory self-awareness, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 273, 347, 354, 376n, 382n, 408n, 418n
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 51–53, 52
children as witnesses to, 119
therapies for trauma from, 230–31
Seroquel, 37, 101, 215, 226, 227
serotonin, 33, 153, 154, 262
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 215, 225
Servan-Schreiber, David, 304
Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence), 232
sexual promiscuity, 120, 285, 286
Shadick, Nancy, 291
Shakespeare, William, 43, 230, 343–46, 355
Shakespeare & Company, 335, 343–46
Shakespeare in the Courts, 335, 336, 342–44
Shalev, Arieh, 30
shame, 13–14, 102, 132, 138, 174, 211, 300
Shanley, Paul, 171–74, 183, 191
Shapiro, Francine, 251
Shatan, Chaim, 19
shavasana, 271
shell-shock, 11, 184–85
Shell Shock in France (Myers), 187
singing and chanting, in trauma recovery, 86, 214
“Singing Revolution,” 334
Sketches of War, 331
Sky, Licia, 216–17
sleep disorders, 46, 95
EMDR and, 259–61
in PTSD, 409n
REM sleep and, 260–61, 409n
see also nightmares
SMART (sensory motor arousal regulation treatment), 215
smoking, surgeon general’s report on, 148
Social Brain, The (Gazzaniga), 280–81
social engagement:
as basic human trait, 110, 166
PTSD and, 102
as response to threat, 80–81, 82, 88
in rhesus monkeys, 153–54
in trauma recovery, 204
trauma survivors and, 3, 62, 78–80, 84, 86, 161, 349
social support, for childhood trauma survivors, 167–68, 350
socioeconomic stress, disorganized attachment and, 117–18
Solomon, Richard, 32
Solomon, Roger, 260
somatic experiencing, 217–18
Somme, Battle of the (1916), 185
soothing, arousal and, 113
Sophocles, 332
South Africa, 213–14, 333, 349
Southborough Report, shell-shock diagnosis rejected by, 185
Southwick, Steve, 30
Sowell, Nancy, 291
speech centers (brain), 42, 43
Sperry, Roger, 51
Spinazzola, Joseph, 156, 339, 351
Spitzer, Robert, 142
Sroufe, Alan, 160–61, 166
Steel, Kathy, 281
Sterman, Barry, 315
Stern, Jessica, 7
Stickgold, Robert, 260, 261
stimuli:
adjustment to, 32
hypersensitivity to, see threat, hypersensitivity to
Story of My Life, The (Keller), 234
Strange Situation, 115
stress:
gene expression and, 152
immune function and, 240
see also trauma
stress hormones, 30, 42, 46, 60, 61, 66–67, 158, 162, 217, 233
structural dissociation model, 281
structures, in psychomotor therapy, 298–308
subcortical brain structures, 95
submissiveness, 97, 218
subpersonalities, 280–95
substance abuse, 70, 120, 146, 151, 225, 266
neurofeedback and, 327–28
withdrawal and, 32, 327
suicidal behavior and thoughts, 24, 28, 88, 120, 138, 141, 146, 147, 150, 151, 154, 256, 287, 316, 332
suicide by cop, 182
Summit, Roland, 131, 136
Suomi, Stephen, 153–54, 160
superior temporal cortex, 386n
sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 77, 82, 82, 209, 266–67
Szyf, Moshe, 152
tai chi, 207–8
talk therapy (talking cure), 22, 27, 36, 72, 181–82, 230–37, 253
experience vs. telling in, 235–36
TAQ, see Traumatic Antecedents Questionaire (TAQ)
Tavistock Clinic, 109
Teicher, Martin, 140, 149, 416n
temporal lobe abnormalities, 416n
temporal parietal junction, 100
tension, in trauma survivors, 100–101, 265–66
terrorism:
PTSD from, 348
see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
testosterone, 163
thalamocortical networks, 417n
thalamus, 60, 70–71, 176, 324
theater, in trauma recovery, 214, 330–32, 334–46, 355
conflict and, 335
emotions and, 335, 344–45
feeling safe in, 336–37
Theater of War, 332
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 106–7
therapists, in trauma recovery, 212–13, 244
theta waves, 321, 326, 417n
Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 22–23
thoughts, physical sensations and, 209
threat:
confusion of safety and, 85, 97, 119, 164
hypersensitivity to, 2, 11, 17, 33, 45–47, 68, 84, 95, 102, 143, 158, 161, 163, 196–97, 225, 265, 310, 327, 328, 408n
social engagement as response to, 80–81, 82, 88
whole-body response to, 53–55, 53, 60–62, 61
see also fight/flight response; freeze response (immobilization)
time, sense of, 273
Tourette, Gilles de la, 177
trance (hypnagogic) states, 117, 187, 238, 302, 305, 326
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 417n
trauma:
articulation of, 232–34
brain changes from, 2–3, 21, 59, 347
growing awareness of, 347
as most urgent public health issue, 148, 149–50, 356
narratives of, 7, 43, 46, 70, 130, 135, 175, 176, 194, 219, 220, 231, 250, 252–53, 261–62; see also traumatic memory
physiological changes from, 2–3, 21, 53, 53, 72
prevalence of, 1
reactivation of, 2
risk of, socioeconomic status and, 348
trauma, healing from, 203–29
animal therapy in, 80, 150–51, 213
ARC model in, 401n
art and, 242–43
body therapies for, 3, 26, 72, 86, 89, 207–8, 215–17, 228–29, 245; see also specific therapies
calming and relaxation techniques in, 131, 203–4; see also breathing; mindfulness; yoga
CBT in, 182, 194, 220–21
community in, 213–14, 244, 331–34, 355
desensitization therapies in, 46–47, 73, 220, 222–23
EMDR therapy in, see eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
emotional self-regulation in, 203–4, 206–8, 212, 353, 401n
feeling safe in, 204, 212, 270, 275, 300, 301, 349, 353
focus in, 203, 347–48, 355
giving up self-deceit in, 204
IFS therapy in, see internal family systems (IFS) therapy
integrating traumatic memories in, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 279
language and, 230–47, 275–76
limbic system therapy in, 205–6
living in present as goal of, 204
mindfulness in, 207, 208–10, 224, 225, 269, 270
music in, 242–43, 349, 355
need to revisit trauma in, 204–5, 211
neurofeedback in, see neurofeedback
professional therapists for, 212–13, 244
psychomotor therapy in, 296–308
reestablishing ownership of one’s self as goal of, 204–5
relationships in, 204, 210–13
rhythmic movement and, 85, 207, 208, 214, 242–43, 333–34, 349
schools as resources for, 351–56
search for meaning in, 233–34
self-awareness in, 208, 235–38, 273, 347
self-leadership in, 203, 280–95
sensorimotor therapy in, 96, 214–15
singing and chanting in, 86, 214
talk therapy in, 230–37, 253
theater in, see theater, in trauma recovery
writing and, 238–42
yoga in, 63, 86, 207, 225, 228–29, 231, 263–76
Trauma and Recovery (Herman), 189
Trauma Center, 3–4, 72, 85, 86, 121, 122, 163–64, 166, 214–15, 228, 266, 269, 271, 340, 351
neurofeedback laboratory at, 318–20, 324
Trauma Drama program of, 335, 336–37, 339, 355
Urban Improv study of, 338–39
Trauma Clinic, 35, 251, 253
trauma survivors:
alexithymia in, 98–99, 247, 272–73, 291, 319
blaming in, 45
brain scans of, 39–47, 42, 66, 68–70, 68, 71–72, 72, 82, 99–100, 319
brain-wave patterns in, 311–12, 311, 324
continued stress mobilization in, 53–55, 53
denial in, 46, 291
depersonalization in, 71–73, 71, 99–100, 132–33, 286, 291, 386n, 401n
derealization in, 401n
dissociation in, 66–68, 95, 172, 179, 180–81, 194, 211, 247, 281, 294, 316, 317–18
distorted perception of safety in, 79–80, 85, 96–97, 119, 164, 270
fear of emotions in, 335
fear of experimentation in, 305
flashbacks in, 40, 42, 45, 70, 176, 193–94, 219
freeze response (immobilization) in, 54, 54, 80, 82–83, 82, 85, 95, 217, 218
handwriting of, 241–42
helplessness of, 217, 341
hypersensitivity to threat in, 2, 61–62, 84
immune systems of, 126–27, 291
inner void in, 296–308
intimacy as difficult for, 99
irritability and rage in, 46, 95, 99
language failure in, 43–44, 243–45, 352–53
limbic system in, 59, 95, 265
living in present as difficult for, 67, 70, 73, 312
loss of imagination in, 17, 96
loss of purpose in, 92, 233
medication and, 3
memory and attention problems in, 46
nightmares in, 44
numbing in, 67, 84, 119, 205, 247, 272, 304–5, 306
panic attacks in, 97
polarization of self-system in, 281
reciprocity and, 79–80
reenacting in, 31–33, 179, 180, 181, 182
self-harming in, 266, 288–89
self-protective strategies of, 278–79
sensation seeking in, 266, 272
sense of self in, 166, 233, 247
sense of time in, 273
sensory overload in, 70–71
sensory self-awareness in, 89, 96, 247, 418n
shame in, 102, 138, 211, 300
sleep disorders in, 46, 95
social engagement and, 3, 62, 78–80, 84, 86, 161, 349
somatic symptoms in, 97–98
stress hormone levels in, 30
substance abuse by, 70, 120, 146, 151, 225, 266
tension and defensiveness in, 100–101, 265–66
trust as difficult for, 18, 134, 141, 150, 158, 163, 253
see also childhood trauma survivors; PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)
Traumatic Antecedents Questionaire (TAQ), 138–40, 141
traumatic memory, 171–83, 246–47, 278
as disorganized, 193
hysteria as, see hysteria
integration of, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 255–56, 261–62, 279, 308
narrative memory vs., 176, 179, 194, 219, 231–32, 236
normal memory vs., 175–76, 180, 181, 189, 192–94, 219, 372n
“railway spine” as, 177
see also repressed memory
Traumatic Neuroses of War, The (Kardiner), 11, 187
Trevarthen, Colwyn, 111
Trickett, Penelope, 161–63
triggered responses, 66–68
Tronick, Ed, 84, 112
trust, difficulty of, 18, 134, 141, 150, 158, 163, 253
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 213–14, 333, 349
Tutu, Desmond, 333
Ubuntu, 349
United States Association for Body Psychotherapy, 297
Urban Improv, 334–35
Trauma Center study of, 337–39
vagus nerve, 76, 78, 80–82, 81, 207, 245
Valium, 225
valproate, 136, 225, 405n
van der Hart, Onno, 281, 396n
Van der Kolk Center, 213, 401n
vasopressin, 223
ventral vagal complex (VVC), 81–82,
82, 83–84
development of, 84
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 186
Veterans Administration (VA):
Boston Clinic of, 7, 10, 11, 12, 187–88, 227, 331
PTSD and, 19, 222–23, 226–27, 244–45
Veterans Affairs Department, U.S, 156, 224, 255
Vietnam veterans, 7–8, 12, 15, 17–18, 33, 156, 182, 187–88, 190, 222–23, 227, 233–34
visual cortex, 42, 44
voice, responses to, 85–86
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 322
War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (Hedges), 31
Warner, Liz, 214, 418
Warren, Robert Penn, 22
Werner, Emily, 392n
“What Is an Emotion?” (James), 89–90
What It Is Like to Go to War (Marlantes), 233
“When the Patient Reports Atrocities” (Haley), 13
Wiesel, Elie, 356
Williams, Dar, 203
Williams, Linda Meyer, 190–91
Wilson, Scott, 126
Winfrey, Oprah, 356
Winnicott, Donald, 109, 113–14
witnesses, in psychomotor therapy, 297, 300, 301, 306
Woodman, Marion, 230
World Enough and Time (Warren), 22
World I Live In, The (Keller), 235
World War I, 243–44
shell-shock in, 11, 184–86, 189
World War II, 9, 210
combat trauma in, 187–88
veterans of, 18, 53, 187, 188
writing, in trauma recovery, 238–42
Xanax, 225
Yale University, Fortunoff Video Archive at, 195
Yehuda, Rachel, 30, 118
yoga, 63, 86, 231, 263–76, 354
asanas (postures) in, 270, 272
clinical studies of, 273–75, 274
HRV and, 268–69, 271
interoception and, 272–74
meditation in, 270
pranayama (breathing) in,
86, 270
PTSD and, 207, 228–29, 268–69, 270
self-regulation and, 271–72, 274, 275
Yoga and the Quest for the True Self (Cope), 263, 272
Zaichkowsky, Len, 322
Zoloft, 35, 225, 254
Zyprexa, 37, 101