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INTRODUCTION: BEING TEEN
6 “These years are the best decade of life”: Granville Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education (New York: D. Appleton, 1904).
6 “the birthday of the imagination”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 1. ENTERING THE TEEN YEARS
16 In fact the word “teenager”: Popular Science, Apr. 1941.
16 With the onset of the Depression: Sharron Solomon-McCarthy, “The History of Child Labor in the United States: Hammer v. Dagenhart,” in The Supreme Court in American Political History (New Haven: Yale–New Haven Teachers Institute, 2004).
17 the number one hallmark of adulthood: Tom W. Smith, “Coming of Age in 21st Century America: Public Attitudes Towards the Importance and Timing of Transitions to Adulthood,” National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, GSS Topical Report No. 35, Mar. 2003.
17 “Young people became teenagers”: Thomas Hine, The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager (New York: William Morrow, 1999).
18 “Character and personality are taking form”: Granville Stanley Hall, Adolescence.
21 researchers discovered that puberty: B. B. Van Bockstaele, “Genes Have Been Discovered for the Brain Pathway That Triggers Puberty,” Digital Journal, Dec. 12, 2008.
22 adolescence is a time of increased response: Hui Shen, Qi Hva Gong, et al., “Reversal of Neurosteroid Effects at α4β2δ GABAA Receptors Triggers Anxiety at Puberty,” Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 4 (Apr. 2007).
CHAPTER 2. BUILDING A BRAIN
29 the brain of Albert Einstein: Sandra F. Witelson, Debra L. Kigar, and Thomas Harvey, “The Exceptional Brain of Albert Einstein,” Lancet 353, no. 9170 (June 19, 1999).
31 early-twentieth-century Canadian neuroscientist: Wilder Penfield and Edwin Boldrey, “Somatic Motor and Sensory Representation in the Cerebral Cortex of Man as Studied by Electrical Stimulation,” Brain 60, no. 4, (Dec. 1937).
33 Some of the most famous work: David H. Hubel and Thorsten N. Wiesel, “The Period of Susceptibility to the Physiological Effects of Unilateral Eye Closure in Kittens,” Journal of Physiology 206, no. 2 (Feb. 1970).
37 major study to examine how brain regions: National Institute of Mental Health, “Teenage Brain: A Work in Progress,” NIMH Fact Sheet, 2001. Also, R. K. Lenroot and J. N. Giedd, “Brain Development in Children and Adolescents: Insights from Anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30, no. 6 (2006).
40 The parietal lobes help the frontal lobes to focus: Frederik Edin, Torkel Klingberg, et al., “Mechanism for Top-Down Control of Working Memory,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 16 (Apr. 3, 2009).
42 of the nearly six thousand adolescents who die: Allstate/Sperling’s Best Places, “America’s Teen Driving Hotspots Study” (May 2008).
42 Missouri scientists discovered that simultaneous tasks: Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, Angela Kilb, and Tyler Fisher, “Concurrent Task Effects on Memory Encoding and Retrieval: Further Support for Asymmetry,” Memory and Cognition 34, no. 1 (Jan. 2006).
45 connection of the hippocampus to memory: Luke Dittrich, “The Brain That Changed Everything,” Esquire, Oct. 25, 2010.
CHAPTER 3. UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
49 “All infants are born in a state of psychedelic splendor”: Kathleen McAuliffe, “Life of Brain,” Discover, June 2007.
57 Thus, cells that “fire” together: Carla Shatz et al., “Dendritic Growth and Remodeling of Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells During Fetal and Postnatal Development,” Journal of Neuroscience 8, no. 11 (Nov. 1988).
58 Jay Giedd and colleagues: R. K. Lenroot and J. N. Giedd, “Brain Development in Children and Adolescents: Insights from Anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30, no. 6 (2006).
60 Dan Gordon, a fifteen-year-old boy: Amelia Hill, “Red Cross Study Reveals Problems with Teenagers and Drink,” Guardian, Sept. 12, 2010.
63 Bennett Barber was sixteen years old: Alan Burke, “Cops: Freezing Teen Hit; Friends Lied,” Salem News, Jan. 23, 2009.
CHAPTER 4. LEARNING: A JOB FOR THE TEEN BRAIN
67 Before it closed in 1992: “Massachusetts Gaining in Its Care for the Retarded,” New York Times, Jan. 4, 1987.
69 British physiologist and Nobel Prize winner Charles Sherrington: Charles Sherrington, Man on His Nature, reissue edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
69 Donald Hebb, an American neuropsychologist: Mark A. Gluck et al., Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior (New York: Worth Publishers, 2007).
70 young brains are shaped by experience: Nico Spinelli and Frances Jensen, “Plasticity: the Mirror of Experience,” Science 203, no. 4375 (Jan. 1979).
70 cab drivers in London: Eleanor Maguire et al., “London Taxi Drivers and Bus Drivers: A Structural MRI and Neuropsychological Analysis,” Hippocampus 16, no. 12 (2006).
71 learning the tango: Patricia McKinley et al., “Effect of a Community-Based Argentine Tango Dance Program on Functional Balance and Confidence in Older Adults,” Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 16, no. 4 (Oct. 2008).
76 “long periods of excess use or disuse”: Tim Bliss et al., Long-Term Potentiation: Enhancing Neuroscience for 30 Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
77 effective pruning increased brain efficiency: Emily Kilroy et al., “Relationships Between Cerebral Blood Flow and IQ in Typically Developing Children and Adolescents,” Journal of Cognitive Science 12, no. 2 (2011).
79 your IQ can change during your teen years: Carol K. Seligman and Elizabeth A. Rider, Life Span Human Development, 7th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2012). Also, Sue Ramsden et al., “Verbal and Non-Verbal Intelligence Changes in the Teenage Brain,” Nature 479, no. 7371 (Oct. 19, 2011).
80 children with high IQs may have an extended learning period: Angela M. Brant, John K. Hewitt, et al., “The Nature and Nurture of High IQ: An Extended Sensitive Period for Intellectual Development,” Psychological Science 24, no. 8 (Aug. 2013).
84 the odds that certain bad things: Christina Moutsiana, Tali Sharot, et al., “Human Development of the Ability to Learn from Bad News,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 41 (Oct. 8, 2013).
CHAPTER 5. SLEEP
87 Infants and children are “larks”: Jim Horne, Sleepfaring: A Journey Through the Science of Sleep (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
87 Teenagers can be, and are, forced to abide: M. H. Hagenauer et al., “The Neuroendocrine Control of the Circadian System: Asociescent Chronotype,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 33 (2012).
91 basic cognitive tests in order to fatigue their brains: Marc G. Berman et al., “The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature,” Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (2008).
92 consolidation of memories happens in two stages: Robert Stickgold, “Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation,” Nature 437, no. 7063 (Oct. 27, 2005).
94 relationship between sleep and learning in adolescents: Edward B. O’Malley and Mary B. O’Malley, “School Start Time and Its Impact on Learning and Behavior,” in Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents, ed. A. Ivanenko (New York: Informa Healthcare, 2008).
95 the sleep-learning connection from the opposite direction: Jeffrey M. Donlea et al., “Use-Dependent Plasticity in Clock Neurons Regulates Sleep Need in Drosophila,” Science 324, no. 5923 (Apr. 3, 2009).
96 two and a half times more likely to report suicidal thoughts: Norihito Oshima et al., “The Suicidal Feelings, Self-Injury, and Mobile Phone Use After Lights Out in Adolescents,” Journal of Pediatric Psychiatry 37, no. 9 (Oct. 2012).
97 Poor sleep habits may even have a role in juvenile delinquency: Samantha S. Clinkinbeard et al., “Sleep and Delinquency: Does the Amount of Sleep Matter?” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40, no. 7 (July 2011).
99 energy-drink-related ER visits increased tenfold: “Update on Emergency Department Visits Involving Energy Drinks: A Continuing Public Health Concern,” SAMHSA Dawn Report, Drug Abuse Warning Network, Jan. 10, 2013.
100 the bright LED light of a computer screen: Mariana Figueiro et al., “Light Level and Duration of Exposure Determine the Impact of Self-Luminous Tablets on Melatonin Suppression,” Applied Ergonomics 44, no. 2 (Mar. 2013).
101 A blue light in LEDs: Katie Worth, “Casting Light on Astronaut Insomnia: ISS to Get Sleep-Promoting Lightbulbs,” Scientific American, Dec. 4, 2012.
CHAPTER 6. TAKING RISKS
103 National Public Radio in March 2010: Richard Knox, “The Teen Brain: It’s Just Not Grown Up Yet,” National Public Radio, Mar. 1, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?stryId=124119468.
105 Even Aristotle weighed in: Aristotle, The Rhetoric of Aristotle (London and New York: Macmillan, 1886).
105 young people were slaves to their passions: Ibid.
106 ability of subjects to inhibit their eye movements: Beatriz Luna et al., “What Has fMRI Told Us About the Development of Cognitive Control Through Adolescence?” Brain and Cognition 72, no. 1 (Feb. 2010).
106 adolescents use a more limited brain region: Valerie Reyna and Frank Farley, “Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making: Implications for Theory, Practice and Public Policy,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 7, no. 1 (Sept. 2006).
107 cingulate cortex lights up: Laurence Steinberg, “A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking,” Developmental Review 28, no. 1 (Mar. 2008).
110 brain activity of subjects who were asked to make financial decisions: Brian Knutson et al., “The Neural Basis of Financial Risk-Taking,” Neuron 47, no. 5 (Sept. 1, 2005).
110 cards depicting either happy faces or calm faces: Leah H. Somerville et al., “Frontostriatal Maturation Predicts Cognitive Control Failure to Appetitive Cues in Adolescents,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 9 (Sept. 2011).
111 “Milton Academy Rocked by Expulsions”: Michael Levenson and Jenna Russell, “Milton Academy Rocked by Expulsions,” Boston Globe, Feb. 20, 2005.
112 teenagers today no longer regard oral sex: Abigail Jones and Marissa Miley, Restless Virgins: Love, Sex, and Survival at a New England Prep School (New York: William Morrow, 2008).
113 “didn’t get HPV, herpes, chlamydia, or HIV”: Ibid.
113 youth decision-making questionnaire: Margo Gardner and Laurence Steinberg, “Peer Influence on Risk-Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study,” Developmental Psychology 41, no. 4 (July 2005).
CHAPTER 7. TOBACCO
118 90 percent of new smokers: Regina Benjamin, “Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2012,” http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/preventing-youth-tobacco-use/index.html.
118 connection between smoking and lower IQ: Mark Weiser et al., “Cognitive Test Scores in Male Adolescent Cigarette Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers: A Population-Based Study,” Addiction 105, no. 2 (Feb. 2010).
118 children who are routinely exposed to secondhand smoke: Kimberly Yolton, Richard Hornung, et al., “Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Cognitive Abilities Among US Children and Adolescents,” Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 1 (Jan. 2005).
120 a cigarette a month for an adolescent: Joseph DiFranza et al., “Symptoms of Tobacco Dependence After Brief, Intermittent Use: The Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youth-2 Study,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 161, no. 7 (July 2007).
120 “when you first get addicted”: Brenda Wilson, “Study: A Cigarette a Month Can Get a Kid Hooked,” National Public Radio, May 31, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127241145.
122 single day of smoking cigarettes in adolescence: Sergio D. Iniguez et al., “Nicotine Exposure During Adolescence Induces a Depression-Like State in Adulthood,” Neuropsychopharmacology 34, no. 6 (May 2009).
CHAPTER 8. ALCOHOL
126 inside the Milford Daily News: Heather McCarron, “Taylor Meyer Laid to Rest,” Milford Daily News, Oct. 29, 2008.
127 “If recreational drugs were tools”: Aaron White, “What Happened? Alcohol, Memory Blackouts, and the Brain,” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2004.
127 teenagers who watch PG-rated movies: Susanne E. Tanski, James D. Sargent, et al., “Parental R-Rated Movie Restriction and Early-Onset Alcohol Use,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71, no. 3 (May 2010).
127 In France, where the minimum drinking age: Kim Willsher, “Lyon Aims to Reduce Le Binge Drinking,” Guardian, July 17, 2011.
128 college students tend to pattern their drinking: H. Wesley Perkins et al., “Misperceptions of the Norms for the Frequency of Alcohol and Other Drug Use on College Campuses,” Journal of American College Health 47, no. 6 (May 1999).
132 When rapid or binge drinking results in a blackout: Michael A. Taffe et al., “Long-Lasting Reduction in Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Alcohol Consumption in Adolescent Nonhuman Primates,” PNAS 107, no. 24 (June 1, 2010).
134 An alarming number of college students: Patrick M. O’Malley et al., “Epidemiology of Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among American College Students,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 14, supplement (Mar. 2002).
135 Human studies of binge-drinking adolescents: Susan F. Tapert and Sunita Bava, “Adolescent Brain Development and the Risk for Alcohol and Other Drug Problems,” Neuropsychology Review 20, no. 4 (Dec. 2010).
137 American Academy of Pediatrics finally published a policy statement: American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Substance Abuse, “Alcohol Use by Youth and Adolescents: A Pediatric Concern,” Pediatrics 125, no. 5 (May 1, 2010).
138 Those who are monitored closely by their parents: Caitlin Abar and Robert Turrisi, “How Important Are Parents During the College Years? A Longitudinal Perspective of Indirect Influence Parents Yield on Their College Teens’ Alcohol Use,” Addiction Behavior 33, no. 10 (Oct. 2008).
138 “the more teenagers drink at home”: Haske van der Vorst et al., “Do Parents and Best Friends Influence the Normative Increase in Adolescents’ Alcohol Use at Home and Outside the Home?” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71, no. 1 (Jan. 2010).
140 A month after the Massachusetts teen’s death: Heather McCarron, “Arrested Teens Accused of ‘Hypocrisy,’” Milford Daily News, Nov. 25, 2008.
CHAPTER 9. POT
142 Pot is now regarded by many experts: Lynn Fiellin et al., “Previous Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes, and Marijuana and Subsequent Use of Prescription Opioids in Young Adults,” Journal of Adolescent Health 52, no. 2 (Feb. 2013).
142 marijuana remains the most popular: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report, 2013 (New York: United Nations, 2013).
144 Anslinger testified before Congress: Martin Booth, Cannabis: A History (Great Britain: Doubleday, 2003).
144 no association between pot smoking: Rufus King and James T. McDonough Jr., “Anslinger, Harry Jacob, and U.S. Drug Policy,” in Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior, ed. Rosalyn Carson-Dewitt (New York: Macmillan, 2001).
146 The first major research breakthrough: William A. Devane, Allyn C. Howlett, et al., “Determination and Characterization of a Cannabinoid Receptor in Rat Brain,” Molecular Pharmacology 34, no. 5 (Nov. 1988).
147 THC affects the suppression of pain: David Finn et al., “A Role for the Ventral Hippocampal Endocannabinoid System in Fear-Conditioned Analgesia and Fear Responding in the Presence of Nociceptive Tone in Rats,” Pain 152, no. 11 (Nov. 2011).
149 In a blog run by the 420 Times: “Ask an Old Hippie: Help! My Teenage Daughter Is Smoking Marijuana!” 420 Times, Aug. 19, 2011, http://the420times.com/2011/08/ask-an-old-hippie-help-my-teenage-daughter-is-smoking-marijuana.
152 the link between chronic pot use: M. H. Meier et al., “Persistent Cannabis Users Show Neuropsychological Decline from Childhood to Midlife,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 40 (2012).
152 schizophrenics have less white matter: Matthijs G. Bossong et al., “Adolescent Brain Maturation, the Endogenous Cannabinoid System and the Neurobiology of Cannabis-Induced Schizophrenia,” Progress in Neurobiology 92, no. 3 (Nov. 2010).
152 In a 2010 article in the Toronto Star: Nancy J. White, “Marijuana Can Send a Brain to Pot,” Toronto Star, July 9, 2010.
154 cannabis use was an important causal factor: Rebecca Kuepper et al., “Continued Cannabis Use and Risk of Incidence and Persistence of Psychotic Symptoms: 10 Year Follow-up Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal 342 (Mar. 1, 2011).
155 early marijuana use was linked to a 50 percent increase: Ron de Graaf, James C. Anthony, et al., “Early Cannabis Use and Estimated Risk of Later Onset of Depression Spells: Epidemiologic Evidence from the Population-Based World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative,” American Journal of Epidemiology 172, no. 2 (July 15, 2010).
157 losing their parents’ trust and respect: Stephen N. Campbell, “Substance Abuse in Children and Adolescents: Information for Parents and Educators,” National Association of School Psychologists, 2004.
CHAPTER 10. HARD-CORE DRUGS
159 Irma Perez, a fourteen-year-old: “Irma Perez,” A Vigil for Lost Promise, undated, http://www.nationalparentvigil.com/irma.html.
161 two young people died at New York City’s Electric Zoo: Richard Zitrin et al., “City Cancels Final Day of Electric Zoo Dance Music Festival After Deaths of Two Concertgoers, Possible Sexual Assault,” New York Daily News, Sept. 1, 2013.
163 Dopamine concentrations in these two regions: Heather C. Brenhouse and Susan L. Andersen, “Delayed Extinction and Stronger Reinstatement of Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference in Adolescent Rats, Compared to Adults,” Behavioral Neuroscience 122, no. 2 (Apr. 2008).
165 It didn’t take long for Ian Eaccarino: Ginger Katz, “Ian’s Story,” The Courage to Speak, undated, https://www.couragetospeak.org/AboutUs/CouragetoSpeakStories/IansStory.aspx.
166 adolescents exposed to OxyContin: Mary Jeanne Kreek, Yong Zhang, et al., “Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Oxycodone Differ Between Adolescent and Adult Mice,” Neuropsychopharmacology 34, no. 4 (Mar. 2009).
168 Two eighth-grade girls pleaded guilty: Michelle Durand, “Teenager in Ecstasy Death Takes Deal,” Daily Journal (San Mateo, CA), July 8, 2004.
CHAPTER 11. STRESS
173 Stress in adolescents works differently: Sheryl S. Smith, “The Influence of Stress at Puberty on Mood and Learning: Role of the α4βδ GABAA Receptor,” Neuroscience 249 (Sept. 2012).
175 when adolescent rats were exposed to social isolation: Melanie P. Leussis, Susan L. Andersen, et al., “Depressive-Like Behavior in Adolescents After Maternal Separation: Sex Differences, Controllability and GABA,” Developmental Neuroscience 34, nos. 2–3 (2012).
175 a quarter of all adolescents by the age of sixteen: John Fairbank et al., “Building National Capacity for Child and Family Disaster Mental Health Research,” Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 41, no. 1 (Feb. 1, 2010).
176 fMRI to show brain activation: BJ Casey et al., “Biological Substrates of Emotional Reactivity and Regulation in Adolescence During an Emotional Go-Nogo Task,” Biological Psychiatry 63, no. 10 (May 15, 2008).
178 46 percent of those who had been deployed: Craig Bryan, “Understanding and Preventing Military Suicide,” Archives of Suicide Research 16, no. 2 (2012).
179 adolescents had less gray matter in the prefrontal cortex: Erin Edmiston et al., “Corticostriatal-Limbic Gray Matter Morphology in Adolescents with Self-Reported Exposure to Childhood Maltreatment,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 165, no. 12 (Dec. 2011).
180 number of ways to help adolescents: American Psychological Association, “Children and Trauma,” Presidential Task Force on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma in Children and Adolescents, 2008.
CHAPTER 12. MENTAL ILLNESS
186 Three-quarters of young adults with psychiatric illness: J. Kim-Cohen, A. Caspi, et al., “Prior Juvenile Diagnoses in Adults with Mental Disorder: Developmental Follow-Back of a Prospective-Longitudinal Cohort,” Archives of General Psychiatry 60, no. 7 (July 2003).
186 Also, the more minor problem of adolescent conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): Kathleen R. Merikangas, Ronald C. Kessler, et al., “The National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A): I. Background and Measures,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48, no. 4 (Apr. 2009).
188 annual medical costs for a child or teen with a conduct disorder: Renee Hsia and Myron Belfer, “A Framework for the Economic Analysis of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders,” International Review of Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (June 2008).
191 Adolescent depression is more likely to be chronic: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Suicide Prevention: Youth Suicide,” Jan. 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pub/youth_suicide.html.
192 “black-box” label warning: National Institute of Mental Health, “Anti-Depressant Medications for Children and Adolescents: Information for Parents and Caregivers,” undated, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/child-and-adolescent-mental-health/antidepressant-medications-for-children-and-adolescents-information-for-parents-and-caregivers.shtml.
194 the day before she took her own life: Deborah Sontag, “Who Was Responsible for Elizabeth Shin?” New York Times, Apr. 28, 2002.
197 Calen also spoke at the conference: Calen Pick, “Bringing Change to Mind on Mental Illness,” Society for Neuroscience annual meeting, San Diego, Nov. 15, 2010.
199 use of cannabis in the early teens can hasten: Helene Verdoux, “Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology 156, no. 4 (Apr. 17, 2002).
203 girls show more brain activity: National Institute of Mental Health, “Brain Emotion Circuit Sparks as Teen Girls Size Up Peers,” July 15, 2009, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2009/brain-emotion-circuit-sparks-as-teen-girls-size-up-peers.shtml.
203 the Adolescent Mental Health Cohort: Sari Frojd et al., “Associations of Social Phobia and General Anxiety with Alcohol and Drug Use in a Community Sample of Adolescents,” Alcohol and Alcoholism 46, no. 2 (Mar.–Apr. 2011).
CHAPTER 13. THE DIGITAL INVASION OF THE TEENAGE BRAIN
207 go without their digital tools and toys: Susan Moeller, “24 Hours: Unplugged,” International Center for Media and the Public Agenda and the Salzburg Academy on Media & Global Change, 2011.
208 one thousand students in twelve countries: Roman Gerodimos, “Going ‘Unplugged’: Exploring Students’ Relationship with the Media and Its Pedagogic Implications,” Centre for Excellence in Media Practice, Bournemouth University, Mar. 2011.
210 95 percent of all young people: Amanda Lenhart et al., “Social Media and Mobile Internet Use Among Teens and Young Adults,” Pew Research Center, Feb. 3, 2010.
211 the discovery releases a pleasurable rush: Dave Mosher, “High Wired: Does Addictive Internet Use Restructure the Brain?” Scientific American, June 17, 2011.
213 A study published in China in 2012: Fuchin Lin, Hao Lei, et al., “Abnormal White Matter Integrity in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study,” PLoS ONE 7, no. 1 (2012).
213 Another study, from Korea: Soon-Beom Hong, Soon-Hyung Yi, et al., “Reduced Orbitofrontal Cortical Thickness in Male Adolescents with Internet Addiction,” Behavioral and Brain Functions 9, no. 11 (Mar. 2013).
215 an increase in density in white matter: Simone Kuhn and Jurgen Gallinat, “Amount of Lifetime Video Gaming Is Positively Associated with Entorhinal, Hippocampal and Occipital Volume,” Molecular Psychiatry (Aug. 20, 2013).
217 the link between video games and symptoms of ADHD: Philip A. Chan and Terry Rabinowitz, “A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Video Games and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents,” Annals of General Psychiatry 5, no. 16 (2006).
218 students who watch television while reading: Zheng Wang and John M. Tchernev, “The ‘Myth’ of Media Multitasking: Reciprocal Dynamics of Media Multitasking, Personal Needs, and Gratification,” Journal of Communication 62, no. 3 (June 2012).
218 Dr. Wang of Ohio State: Jeff Grabmeir, “Multitasking May Hurt Your Performance but It Makes You Feel Better,” Research and Innovation Communications, Ohio State University, Apr. 30, 2012.
219 eighteen-year-old Oregon man: Christina Lopez, “Oregon Teen Arrested After Posting ‘Drivin Drunk’ Facebook Status,” ABCNews.go.com, Jan. 4, 2013.
220 eighteen-year-old Kentucky woman: Kevin Dolak, “LOL Facebook Post After DUI Accident Lands Woman in Jail,” ABCNews.go.com, Sept. 18, 2012.
221 The girl who had been suspended: Sulaiman Abdur-Rahman, “4 Adults, 10 Youths Charged in Center City Disturbance,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Apr. 11, 2013.
221 The consequences of misuse of digital media: Amy Ellis Nutt, “Teens Find World of Hurt at Their Fingertips,” Star-Ledger (Newark, NJ), Sept. 30, 2010.
224 Silicon Valley executives admitted: Matt Richtel, “Silicon Valley Says Step Away from the Device,” New York Times, July 23, 2012.
CHAPTER 14. GENDER MATTERS
229 connectivity between brain areas in women’s versus men’s brains: Racquel E. Gur, Ruben C. Gur, et al., “Sex Differences in the Structural Connectome of the Human Brain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 2 (Sept. 2013).
231 adolescent females have superior language abilities: James R. Booth et al., “Sex Differences in Neural Processing of Language Among Children,” Neuropsychologia 46, no. 5 (Mar. 2008).
CHAPTER 15. SPORTS AND CONCUSSIONS
242 the complex and frightening truth: Semyon Slobounov et al., “Sports-Related Concussion: Ongoing Debate,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 2 (Jan. 2014).
243 power generated in athletic collisions: Steve Broglio, “Biomechanical Properties of Concussions in High School Football,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42, no. 11 (Nov. 2010).
243 generates just under 3 gs: Suzanne Slade, Feel the G’s: The Science and Gravity of G-Forces (Mankato, MN: Compass Point Books, 2009).
244 brain damage can result even from nonconcussive blows: Eric Nauman et al., “Functionally-Detected Cognitive Impairment in High School Football Players Without Clinically-Diagnosed Concussion,” Journal of Neurotrauma 31, no. 4 (Feb. 15, 2014).
247 Sarah Ingles, a high school basketball player: Alan Schwarz, “Girls Are Often Neglected Victims of Concussions,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 2007.
248 Second-impact syndrome can also be deadly: Nadia Kounang, “Brain Bank Examines Athletes’ Hard Hits,” CNN, Jan. 27, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/27/health/big-hits-broken-dreams-brain-bank.
249 a child’s or teenager’s brain is not as resilient: Charles H. Tator, “Sport Concussion Education and Prevention,” Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 6, no. 3 (Sept. 2012).
250 Radiologists at New York University: “Can Just One Concussion Change the Brain?” National Public Radio, Mar. 15, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/03/15/174409382/can-just-one-concussion-change-the-brain.
CHAPTER 16. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
257 judge sentenced Terrance Jamar Graham: Supreme Court of the United States, Graham v. Florida, no. 08-7412, argued Nov. 9, 2009, decided May 17, 2010, http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-7412.pdf.
258 The question the high court was considering: International Justice Project, “Background—The Constitutionality of the Juvenile Death Penalty,” Feb. 12, 2004, http://www.internationaljusticeproject.org/juvConst.cfm.
259 children have been regarded simply as pint-size adults: William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV, ch. 2 (London: Clarendon Press, 1769).
259 first record of a juvenile being put to death in America: Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691 (Provo, UT: Ancestry Publishing, 1986).
261 Hannah Ocuish, a twelve-year-old: William H. Channing, “A Sermon, Preached at New-London, December 20th, 1786, Occasioned by the Execution of Hannah Ocuish, a Mulatto Girl, Aged 12 Years and 9 Months, for the Murder of Eunice Bolles, Aged 6 Years and 6 Months” (New London, CT: T. Greene, 1786).
263 The House of Refuge took charge: New York City Department of Juvenile Justice, “Juvenile Detention in New York: Then and Now” (a display at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, 1999).
263 The first true juvenile court: Julian Mack, “The Juvenile Court,” Harvard Law Review 23 (1909).
271 on May 17, 2010, the United States Supreme Court: Adam Liptak and Ethan Bronner, “Justices Bar Mandatory Life Terms for Juveniles,” New York Times, June 26, 2012.
276 “it is virtually impossible to parse the role of the brain”: Jay N. Giedd, “Adolescent Maturity and the Brain: The Promise and Pitfalls of Neuroscience Research in Adolescent Health Policy,” Journal of Adolescent Health 45, no. 3 (June 27, 2010).
CHAPTER 17. BEYOND ADOLESCENCE: IT’S NOT OVER YET
280 continues to be debated by sociologists, psychologists, and scientists: Kenneth Keniston, “Youth: A ‘New’ Stage of Life,” American Scholar 39, no. 4 (Autumn 1970).
282 Arnett postulated a distinct stage: Jeffrey Arnett, Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
283 “Heather is moving to California”: Lena Dunham, screenwriter, “The Return,” Girls, HBO, season 1, episode 6, 2012.
284 the millennial generation’s apparent self-centeredness: Joel Stein, “The New Greatest Generation: Why Millennials Will Save Us All,” Time, May 20, 2013.
285 “The developmental agenda for all emerging adults”: Laura Humphrey, “A Developmental Psycho-Neurobiological Approach to Assessment of Emerging Adults,” Yellowbrick Journal of Emerging Adulthood 1, no. 1 (2010).
286 white matter is still being laid down: Catherine Lebel and Christian Beaulieu, “Longitudinal Development of Human Brain Wiring Continues from Childhood into Adulthood,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 30 (July 27, 2011).